Bruegel - Bruegel (English spelling)

Japanese: ブリューゲル - ぶりゅーげる(英語表記)Bruegel
Bruegel - Bruegel (English spelling)

This family of painters from the Netherlandish region produced many artists in the 16th and 17th centuries. Among them, three stand out: Peter Bruegel I, known as "Bruegel the Elder" or "Bruegel the Peasant," who became the greatest painter in the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century, and his sons Peter II and Jan.

[Kamon Yasuo]

Peter Bruegel the Elder

Pieter Bruegel d. Al. (c. 1528-69) was the son of a peasant, probably born near 's-Hertogenboeck in North Brabant, the Netherlands. He first became a pupil of Pieter Cook, then of Hieronymus Cock. He later travelled to France and Italy to study, and although he started out in the style of Nordic naturalism that had been followed by Van Eyck, he was deeply moved by the landscapes of the Alps during his studies in Italy. He returned to the Netherlands in 1553, working in Antwerp, and after his marriage in 1563 he moved to Brussels, making it his base of operations.

In his early days, he mainly focused on folk legends, customs, and superstitions, but after moving to Brussels, he began to paint many works that used religious themes to express the social unrest and chaos during the Peasant War, and the intense anger against the harsh oppression of Spain. However, he gradually simplified the compositions, reduced the number of figures, and abandoned dramatic elements to paint the realities of peasant life in a purely realistic, and sometimes metaphorical, way. He portrayed peasants, who were deeply and destined to be connected to the earth and who lived simply and honestly within that destiny, with a high spirit of humanism and a sharp eye for social criticism. This is why he is called the first peasant painter, and why he is commonly referred to as "Bruegel the Peasant."

Of his extant works, there are fewer than 50 oil paintings compared to his prints. However, each of his works shows a unique style and flavor, combining the realism of the Northern tradition with the strict line drawing he learned in Italy. Many of his works are in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, including "The Fight Between Carnival and Lent," "Children's Games," "The Tower of Babel," three paintings depicting rural areas in the four seasons (the other one is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York), "Massacre of the Innocents," "Peasant Dance," and "Country Wedding." Other famous masterpieces include "Netherlands Proverbs" in the Berlin Picture Gallery, "The Fall of the Rebel Angels" in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Brussels, and "The Blind Men" in the Capodimonte Museum in Naples. He died in Brussels on September 9, 1569.

[Kamon Yasuo]

Peter Bruegel the Elder

Pieter Bruegel d. J. (1564-1638) was born in Brussels as the eldest son of Bruegel the Elder. He died in Antwerp. In addition to the same subjects as his father, he also painted fantastical and grotesque scenes, and is also known as "Bruegel in Hell." He also copied his father's works.

[Kamon Yasuo]

Jan Brueghel the Elder

Jan Bruegel d. Ae. (1568-1625) The second son of Bruegel the Elder and the younger brother of Peter II. Born in Brussels, died in Antwerp. Having lost his father at an early age, he traveled to Italy when he grew up, and in 1597 was registered with the Antwerp painters' guild, becoming its president in 1602. He later became friends with Rubens, and worked as his colleague and collaborator. He also painted religious works with many landscape elements, but he excelled in the depiction of flowers with his meticulous technique, and he mainly cooperated with Rubens in that aspect. For this reason, he is called "Bruegel of Flowers" or "Bruegel of Velvet." His works can be seen all over Europe, but the largest number are in England, including the National Gallery in London. His son Jan II (1601-78) was also a painter.

[Kamon Yasuo]

"Bruegel" by Sadakazu Hijikata (1963, Bijutsu Shuppansha)""The Complete Works of Bruegel" by Shin'ya Nishizawa (1973, Gakken)""The Complete Works of Bruegel" edited by Yoko Mori (1987, Chuokoron-Shinsha)"

[References] | Still life | Tower of Babel | Flemish art
Peter Bruegel the Elder, "Grain Harvest"
1565 Oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Peter Bruegel the Elder: Grain…

Jan Bruegel the Elder, "Bouquet in a Ceramic Vase"
Circa 1610 Oil painting , owned by the Art Institute of Chicago

Jan Bruegel the Elder: Flowers in a Ceramic Vase


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

16~17世紀に多くの画家を出したネーデルラントの一家。なかでも「大ブリューゲル」あるいは「百姓ブリューゲル」とよばれ、16世紀末ネーデルラント最大の画家となったペーテル・ブリューゲル1世と、その子ペーテル2世およびヤンの3人が傑出している。

[嘉門安雄]

ペーテル・ブリューゲル(1世)

Pieter Bruegel d. Al.(1528ころ―69)農民の子として、おそらく現オランダの北ブラバント州スヘルトゥヘンボックスの近くに生まれたと思われる。初めペーテル・クックの、ついでヒエロニムス・コックの弟子となった。のちフランスとイタリアに遊学し、もともとファン・アイク以来の北欧自然主義から出発した彼は、イタリア遊学途上のアルプスの風景に深く打たれた。帰国したのは1553年で、アントウェルペンで制作し、1563年に結婚してからはブリュッセルに移り、ここを活動の本拠地とした。

 初期には、おもに民間伝説、習慣、迷信などをテーマにしていたが、ブリュッセルに移ってからは、農民戦争下の社会の不安と混乱、そしてスペイン本国の過酷な圧制に対する激しい怒りなどを、宗教的題材に託した作品が多くなった。しかし、その後はしだいに構図は単純化され、人物の数も減って、劇的要素を捨てて、純粋に写実的に、ときに比喩(ひゆ)的に、農民生活の実相を描くようになった。そして、大地と宿命的に深く結び付き、その宿命のなかに素朴に愚直に生きる農民を、高いヒューマニズムの精神と鋭い社会批判の目から描いた。最初の農民画家といわれるゆえんであり、「百姓ブリューゲル」の通称もここからきている。

 現存する作品のうち、版画に比して油彩画は50点に満たない。だがその一作一作は、北方伝統の写実性とイタリアに学んだ厳しい線描のなかに独特のスタイルと味わいを示している。とくにウィーン美術史博物館に多く収められ、『謝肉祭と四旬節の争い』『子供の遊戯』『バベルの塔』、四季の農村を描いた3点(残りの1点はニューヨークのメトロポリタン美術館)、『嬰児(えいじ)虐殺』『農民の踊り』『田舎(いなか)の結婚式』などがあり、ほかにベルリン絵画館の『ネーデルラントのことわざ』、ブリュッセル王立美術館の『反逆天使の失墜』、ナポリ、カーポディモンテ美術館の『盲人たち』などが傑作として有名である。1569年9月9日、ブリュッセルで没。

[嘉門安雄]

ペーテル・ブリューゲル(2世)

Pieter Bruegel d. J.(1564―1638)大ブリューゲルの長子としてブリュッセルに生まれる。アントウェルペンに没。父のような題材のほかに、空想的、あるいは怪奇な場面などを描いて「地獄のブリューゲル」ともよばれている。彼はまた父のコピーもしている。

[嘉門安雄]

ヤン・ブリューゲル

Jan Bruegel d. Ae.(1568―1625)大ブリューゲルの二男で、ペーテル2世の弟。ブリュッセルに生まれ、アントウェルペンに没。早く父を失い、長じてイタリアに旅し、1597年にはアントウェルペンの画家組合に登録され、1602年には組合長になった。その後ルーベンスと親交を結び、その同僚・協力者として働いている。彼は風景画的要素の多い宗教的題材の作品も描いているが、とくに緻密(ちみつ)な手法によって花の描写に優れ、ルーベンスへの協力も主としてその面からである。そのため「花のブリューゲル」とか「ビロードのブリューゲル」とよばれている。作品はヨーロッパ各地にみられるが、ロンドンのナショナル・ギャラリーをはじめイギリスにもっとも多い。同名の子ヤン2世(1601―78)も画家。

[嘉門安雄]

『土方定一著『ブリューゲル』(1963・美術出版社)』『西沢信彌解説『大系世界の美術15 北方ルネサンス』(1973・学習研究社)』『森洋子編著『ブリューゲル全作品』(1987・中央公論社)』

[参照項目] | 静物画 | バベルの塔 | フランドル美術
ペーテル・ブリューゲル(1世)『穀物の収穫』
1565年 油彩メトロポリタン美術館所蔵">

ペーテル・ブリューゲル(1世)『穀物の…

ヤン・ブリューゲル『陶器の花瓶に入った花束』
1610年ころ 油彩シカゴ美術研究所所蔵">

ヤン・ブリューゲル『陶器の花瓶に入った…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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