Albigensian Crusade

Japanese: アルビジョア十字軍 - あるびじょあじゅうじぐん(英語表記)Croisade albigeoise
Albigensian Crusade

The Crusades (1209-1229) were organized by the Northern French lords, led by Simon de Montfort, under the orders of the Pope, against the Albigensians (Cathars) in Southern France. The Cathars, who were prevalent in Southern France west of the Rhône River, came to be called "Albigensians" during the Crusades, and there were not particularly many heretics in the Albi region. Rather, heretical activity was active in Béziers, Carcassonne, and Toulouse. In 1198, Pope Innocent III became Pope and strengthened measures against heresy, dispatching Cistercian missionaries, but this had little effect because the Cathars in Southern France were supported by Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, and other nobles and influential citizens of the city. Furthermore, in January 1208, the Papal legate Pierre de Castelnau was murdered by a vassal of Raymond VI on the banks of the Rhône River near Arles, which prompted the Pope to declare the so-called Albigensian Crusade in June of the following year, 1209. For about 20 years after this, the crusaders, organized under Simon and led by his son Amauri after his death in 1217 in an attack by the Albigensians who had resurrected in Toulouse, fought battles all over southern France, resulting in the shedding of much blood.

In 1226, King Louis VIII of France (reigned 1223-1226), who had been waiting for the right time since Philip II, took over the rights of the Amauries, and the Capetian family became the main force of the Crusades. The war situation suddenly improved after this. In 1229, Louis IX concluded the Treaty of Paris with Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, and the basis for the royalization of southern France was laid. However, even after the end of the Crusades, the Cathars' activities did not cease, and in 1233, Pope Gregory IX (reigned 1227-1241) officially permitted the establishment of the University of Toulouse and established a special court for the Inquisition directly under the Pope, entrusting its duties to the Dominican Order.

[Inoue Yasuo]

"The Herd of Heretics by Masami Watanabe (1969, Shinjinbutsu Oraisha)"

[References] | Cathars

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南フランスのアルビジョア派(カタリ派)に対して、ローマ教皇の指令に基づいて、シモン・ド・モンフォールを中心に北フランス諸侯によって組織された十字軍(1209~1229)。ローヌ川以西の南フランスに多かったカタリ派が「アルビジョア派」とよばれるようになるのは十字軍の過程においてであって、アルビAlbi地方にとくに異端が多かったわけではない。むしろ異端の活動はベジエやカルカソンヌ、そしてトゥールーズなどで活発であった。1198年、インノケンティウス3世は教皇位につくとともに異端対策を強化し、シトー派の伝道団を派遣したが、南フランスのカタリ派がトゥールーズ伯レイモン6世をはじめ大小貴族や都市の有力市民層に支持されたため、ほとんど実効はあがらなかった。そのうえ、1208年1月、教皇特使ピエール・ド・カステルノーがアルルに近いローヌ河畔でレイモン6世の家臣に殺害されるという事件が起こり、これがきっかけとなって、翌1209年6月、教皇により、いわゆるアルビジョア十字軍が宣布された。以来約20年間、シモンのもとに編成され、そしてトゥールーズに再起したアルビジョア派の襲撃によってシモンが死去(1217)したのち、その子アモーリに率いられた十字軍は、南フランスの各地に転戦し、おびただしい血が流された。

 1226年、フィリップ2世以来機の熟するのを待っていたフランス王ルイ8世Louis Ⅷ(在位1223~1226)がアモーリの権利を引き継ぎ、カペー家が十字軍の主体となってから、戦局はにわかに好転した。1229年、ルイ9世がトゥールーズ伯レイモン7世と結んだパリ和約により、南フランスの王領化の基礎が置かれた。しかし、十字軍の終結後もカタリ派の活動はやまず、1233年、教皇グレゴリウス9世Gregorius Ⅸ(在位1227~1241)はトゥールーズ大学開設を公許するとともに、教皇直属の、異端審問の特設法廷を設置し、その任をドミニコ修道会に託した。

[井上泰男]

『渡邊昌美著『異端者の群れ』(1969・新人物往来社)』

[参照項目] | カタリ派

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