Wilkins - Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

Japanese: ウィルキンズ - うぃるきんず(英語表記)Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
Wilkins - Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

British biophysicist. Born in New Zealand. After graduating from Cambridge University, he obtained a degree in physics from the University of Birmingham in 1940, and participated in the Manhattan Project, a project to build an atomic bomb in the United States, during World War II. After the war, he began research in biophysics, and in 1946 moved to King's College London, where he began research on viruses and nucleic acids. In 1951, Rosalind E. Franklin, who was working on structural analysis under Wilkins' leadership, succeeded in taking the world's first X-ray photograph showing a clear crystal pattern of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and also confirmed that the scattering pattern changes depending on the amount of water (humidity). This X-ray photograph of crystalline DNA, suggesting a double helix structure, provided the basis for arriving at the correct double helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Watson and Crick for his achievement in demonstrating a three-dimensional model of DNA by X-ray diffraction. Since 1981, he has been an honorary professor at the University of London.

[Mieko Ishidate]

[References] | Click | DNA | Franklin | Watson

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの生物物理学者。ニュージーランド生まれ。ケンブリッジ大学卒業後、1940年バーミンガム大学で物理学の学位を取得、第二次世界大戦中はアメリカでの原子爆弾製造計画(マンハッタン計画)に参加した。戦後、生物物理学の研究に着手、1946年ロンドン大学キングズ・カレッジに移って、ウイルスや核酸の研究を始めた。1951年ウィルキンズのリーダーシップのもとに構造解析に取り組んでいたロザリンド・E・フランクリンが、DNA(デオキシリボ核酸)の鮮明な結晶パターンを示すX線写真の世界最初の撮影に成功するとともに、水分の量(湿度)によって散乱のパターンが変化することも確認した。二重螺旋(らせん)構造を示唆するこの結晶DNAのX線写真は、ワトソンとクリックが1953年に提唱した正しい二重螺旋構造に到達する基礎を与えた。1962年、DNAの立体模型のX線回折による実証という業績により、ワトソン、クリックとともにノーベル医学生理学賞を受賞した。1981年以降ロンドン大学名誉教授。

[石館三枝子]

[参照項目] | クリック | DNA | フランクリン | ワトソン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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