A war fought between Prussia and France in 1870-71. It is also called the Prussian-French War or the Franco-German War. On July 19, 1870, France declared war on Prussia, and it ended with the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871. Otto Bismarck, who aimed for German unification, wanted to unite the four southern German states that were not part of the North German Confederation after the Prussian-Austrian War, but Napoleon III formed the League of Main, gathering the countries south of the Main River, to oppose Prussia. When Leopold of the House of Hohenzollern, a distant relative of the Prussian royal family, was to be appointed as the King of Spain, which had been vacant since Queen Isabella II was forced to abdicate in 1868, Napoleon III opposed this, and Bismarck seized the opportunity to induce a declaration of war from France through skillful diplomatic tactics, such as the famous Ems Telegram incident. When the war began, Prussia, with its superior military capabilities, won battle after battle, and on September 2, 1870, Napoleon III surrendered at Sedan (→Battle of Sedan). Napoleon III was dethroned, and a republican Government of National Defense was established in Paris. The new government showed its determination to refuse to cede French territory and continued the war, but finally Paris surrendered on January 28, 1871, and a provisional peace treaty was signed at Versailles in February, and the official Treaty of Frankfurt was signed in May. France paid Germany 5 billion francs in reparations and ceded most of Alsace-Lorraine. As a result, German unification was complete. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1870~71年プロシアとフランスの間で行なわれた戦争。プロシア=フランス戦争,独仏戦争とも呼ばれる。 1870年7月 19日フランスがプロシアに宣戦布告し,1871年5月 10日フランクフルト条約の調印で終結した。ドイツ統一を目指すオットー・ビスマルクは,プロシア=オーストリア戦争後,北ドイツ連邦に加わっていない南ドイツ4国の合併を望んだが,ナポレオン3世はマイン川以南の諸国を集めてマイン同盟を結び,プロシアに対抗した。 1868年スペインで女王イサベル2世が廃位を余儀なくされて以来空位となっていたスペイン国王に,プロシア王家の遠縁にあたるホーエンツォレルン家のレオポルトが迎えられようとしたとき,ナポレオン3世がこれに反対,ビスマルクはこの機会をとらえ,有名なエムス電報事件など巧みな外交手段によってフランス側からの宣戦布告を誘導した。戦争が始まると軍備にまさるプロシアは連戦連勝の戦果を収め,1870年9月2日ナポレオン3世はスダン (セダン) で降伏 (→スダンの戦い ) 。ナポレオン3世は廃位となり,パリでは共和政体の国防政府が樹立した。新政府はフランス領の譲渡を拒否する決意を示し,戦争を続行したが,1871年1月 28日ついにパリを開城,2月ベルサイユで仮講和条約が結ばれ,5月正式にフランクフルト講和条約が締結された。フランスはドイツに賠償金 50億フランを支払い,アルザス=ロレーヌの大部分を割譲。この結果,ドイツ統一は完成をみた。
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