Geophysical logging

Japanese: 物理検層 - ぶつりけんそう(英語表記)geophysical logging
Geophysical logging

An exploration method that uses physical or chemical phenomena to make measurements in boreholes (also called boreholes) or wells, and then analyzes the data obtained to clarify the strata, geological conditions, and physical properties around the well and its vicinity. The phenomena used include the physical phenomena used in geophysical exploration, but also chemical phenomena. Geophysical logging using boreholes and wells has higher measurement accuracy than geophysical exploration conducted on the surface, and with the support of technological innovations in the electronics field, various types of logging are being considered. The main types are listed below by type.

(1) Electrical items: Natural potential (SP) logging, resistivity logging, dielectric constant logging
(2)Radioactivity types: gamma ray logging, density logging, neutron logging, nuclear magnetic resonance logging
(3) Sonic velocity (P-wave, S-wave) logging, borehole telescope that emits directional ultrasonic waves and records images of the borehole wall, and cement bond logging to check the adhesion state of the cement and casing.
(4) Other types: Strata strike and dip logging, caliper logging to measure borehole diameter, temperature, pressure and flow rate logging, borehole TV to record optical images of the borehole wall. Measurements are performed by continuously moving a logging cable inserted into a borehole or well in the depth direction with a winch, and the measurement results are recorded by a logging recorder. In oil and natural gas exploration, the logging data is used to determine the physical properties of the strata and reservoir rock layers, such as porosity, oil and gas saturation and permeability, and are used to evaluate reserves and productivity. In addition, the range of applications is extremely diverse, including strata correlation between wells, evaluation of the mechanical properties of rock masses, and estimation of sedimentary models.

[Yoshiaki Ashida]

[References] | S waves | Chemical exploration | Nuclear magnetic resonance | Gamma rays | Exploration | Neutrons | Electric potential | Resistivity | P waves | Physical exploration | Boring | Density | Dielectric constant

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

試錐(しすい)孔(ボーリング孔、ボアホールともいう)や坑井において、物理的あるいは化学的現象を利用して測定を行い、得られたデータに解析を加えて坑井周辺およびその近傍の地層・地質状況あるいは物性値を解明する探査法。用いる現象としては物理探査で用いられる物理現象を含み、それ以外に化学現象も用いられる。試錐孔や坑井を用いる物理検層は地表で行う物理探査に比べて測定精度が高く、エレクトロニクス分野の技術革新に支えられ、各種の検層種目が考察されている。そのおもなものを種目別に以下にあげる。

(1)電気種目
自然電位(SP)検層、比抵抗検層、誘電率検層
(2)放射能種目
γ(ガンマ)線検層、密度検層、中性子検層、核磁気共鳴検層
(3)音波種目
速度(P波、S波)検層、指向性超音波を発信し坑壁面の画像を記録するボアホール・テレビュア、セメントとケーシングの膠着(こうちゃく)状態を調べるセメントボンド検層
(4)そのほかの種目
地層走向傾斜検層、ボーリング孔の孔径を計測するキャリパ検層、温度・圧力・流量検層、坑壁面の光学的画像を記録するボアホール・テレビ
 測定は試錐孔や坑井に挿入された検層ケーブルをウィンチで深度方向に連続的に操作して行い、測定結果は検層記録装置によって記録する。石油・天然ガスの探査においては、検層データをもとに地層や貯留岩層の物性、たとえば孔隙(こうげき)率、油・ガス飽和率、浸透率を求めて、埋蔵量および生産性の評価に供する。そのほかに坑井間の地層対比、岩盤の力学的性質の評価、堆積(たいせき)モデルの推定など、その応用範囲はきわめて多岐にわたっている。

[芦田 讓]

[参照項目] | S波 | 化学探査 | 核磁気共鳴 | γ線 | 探査 | 中性子 | 電位 | 比抵抗 | P波 | 物理探査 | ボーリング | 密度 | 誘電率

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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