Witte, Sergei Yul'evich

Japanese: ウィッテ（英語表記）Vitte， Sergei Yul'evich

Born: June 29, 1849, Tbilisi
Died March 13, 1915. Petrograd Russian politician. Graduated from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at Odessa University. Joined the Russian Southwestern Railway in 1869, and was recognized for his work on troop transport during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) and his book "Principles of Railway Fares" (1883). In 1889, he became Director of the Railway Bureau. After serving as Minister of Transport in 1892, he became Minister of Finance (1892-1903). Through a series of interrelated policies to expand and strengthen government revenue, such as drastic modernization of finances, a liquor monopoly, and tariff hikes, he created a state capitalist economic mechanism known as the "Witte System." At the same time, after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1995, he rapidly implemented imperialist policies in the Far East, building up the "Witte Empire" in Manchuria with the Russian-Chinese Bank and the Chinese Eastern Railway at the forefront. However, the European financial crisis that began at the end of 1898 led to the withdrawal of foreign capital from Russia in 1899, which led to the collapse of the Witte System, and prompted the organization of the industrial proletariat and strikes and uprisings in both cities and rural areas. The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 threatened the colonial enterprises in Manchuria and led to a rapid inclination towards military affairs. He tried to avoid the impending military conflict between Japan and Russia, but was criticized by AM Bezobrazov and others, and resigned as Minister of Finance in 1903. After Japan's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), he became the chief plenipotentiary at the Portsmouth Peace Conference in September 1905, and by skillfully manipulating the will of Western financiers and American public opinion, he obtained favorable peace terms. On his way home, he negotiated a historic loan to France, which saved the Tsarist predicament from the 1905 Revolution with gold coins, and he was granted the title of count. During the October general strike, he persuaded Nicholas II to draft the "October Manifesto," which allowed a certain degree of bourgeois freedom, and became the first Prime Minister of the cabinet that was formed based on it. However, in the Tsarist government that had escaped the crisis, the reactionary line of the Ministry of Interior and the secret police, led by Durnovo-Trepov, regained its power and came to dominate, so he retired just before the convening of the First Duma the following year.

Witte
Witte, Emanuel de

Born: 1617 Alkmaar
Died in 1692. Dutch painter from Amsterdam. A pupil of the still-life painter Evert van Aelst. At first he painted mythological scenes in the style of Adam Elsheimer, but he soon turned to the interiors of Dutch churches, becoming a major painter of Dutch architectural painting. His major works include the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam (1656, Museum Boijmans-Van Beuningen, Rotterdam), The Fish Market (1672), and The Interior of a Church at Dusk (1685, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1849.6.29. トビリシ
[没]1915.3.13. ペトログラード
ロシアの政治家。オデッサ大学物理・数学科卒業。 1869年ロシア西南鉄道に入り，露土戦争 (1877～78) の軍隊輸送と『鉄道運賃の原理』 (83) の著作で認められ，89年鉄道局長。 92年交通相を経て，蔵相 (92～1903) となり，財政の抜本的近代化，酒料専売，関税引上げなど政府歳入を拡大，強化する相互連関的な一連の施策によって，「ウィッテ体制」と呼ばれる国家資本主義経済メカニズムをつくり上げた。それとともに，94～95年の日清戦争以後には，極東で急速な帝国主義政策を展開し，露清銀行，東清鉄道を先鋒に満州で「ウィッテの帝国」を築き上げた。だが，98年末に始るヨーロッパの金融恐慌は 99年ロシアからの外資の総引揚げを招き「ウィッテ体制」を破綻させ，工業プロレタリアートの組織化と都市，農村双方でのストライキ，蜂起を促し，続いて 1900年の義和団事変は満州での植民地事業を脅威にさらし，急速度で軍事的傾斜を強めさせた。彼はせまりくる日露の軍事衝突を回避しようとしたが，A.M.ベゾブラーゾフらの批判を受け，03年蔵相を辞任した。日露戦争 (1904～05) の敗北後，05年9月ポーツマス講和会議の首席全権となり，欧米の金融資本家のおもわくとアメリカの世論を巧妙に操作して有利な講和条件をかちとった。その帰路，歴史的なフランス借款を取決めて，05年革命でのツァーリズムの窮境を金貨で救い，伯爵を授けられた。 10月のゼネストに際しては，ニコライ2世を説得して，ある程度のブルジョア的自由を許す「十月宣言」を起草し，それに基づいて設けられた内閣の初代首相となった。しかし危地を脱したツァーリズム政府では，勢力を盛返した内務省，秘密警察のドゥルノボ＝トレポフ反動路線が優位を占め，翌 06年第1国会招集の直前に引退した。

ウィッテ
Witte, Emanuel de

[生]1617. アルクマール
[没]1692. アムステルダム
オランダの画家。静物画家エベルト・ファン・アールストの弟子。最初はアダム・エルスハイマー風に神話の情景を描いていたが，やがてオランダの教会内部を題材とし，オランダの建築絵画の主要画家となる。主要作品『アムステルダムの新教会』（1656，ロッテルダム，ボイマンス＝ファン・ボイニンヘン美術館），『魚市場』（1672），『夕暮時の教会の内部』（1685，ベルギー王立美術館）。

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