When a weight is hung from a coil spring, its elongation increases in proportion to the weight of the weight. In this way, when a force is applied to an elastic body and it is deformed, the force and deformation are proportional as long as the deformation is small. This is called Hooke's law, and was discovered by R. Hooke of England in 1678. Generally speaking, when the strain is small, the stress is proportional to the strain. The point at which this proportionality begins to deviate is called the proportional limit of elasticity, but this depends on how precisely the force and deformation are measured, and does not have a clear meaning. Within the range where Hooke's law applies, the elasticity of a material is expressed by the elastic modulus. Above the proportional limit, higher-order elastic moduli (coefficients of the square and cube terms of the strain when stress is expressed as strain) must also be introduced. [Wada Yatsumi] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
つるまきばねにおもりをつるすと、その伸びはおもりの重さに比例して増大する。このように、弾性体に力を加えて変形させると、変形の小さい間は力と変形とが比例する。これをフックの法則といい、1678年にイギリスのR・フックによって発見された。一般的にいえば、ひずみが小さいときは応力はひずみに比例する。この比例性から外れ始める点を弾性の比例限界というが、これは力や変形をどれだけ精密に測定するかによるもので、あまりはっきりした意味はない。 フックの法則の成立する範囲では、物質の弾性は弾性率で表される。比例限界以上では高次の弾性率(応力をひずみで表したとき、ひずみの二乗、三乗の項の係数)をも導入しなくてはならない。 [和田八三久] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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