Rhythm - Inritsu

Japanese: 韻律 - いんりつ
Rhythm - Inritsu

Rhyme and rhythm form the sound and tune of poetry, and together they are called meter. Rhyme is the arrangement of the same or similar sounds, and there are various types such as alliteration, rhyme, and semitone. Rhythm is achieved by setting a certain rule for the number of words in a line, and examples of this are the five-character rhyme and seven-character rhyme in Chinese poetry. In short, the musicality of poetry is based on the two elements of rhyme and rhythm, and rhythm can be said to be the form and framework of poetry, while rhyme is its internal melody. Théophile Gautier sang, "A work emerges more beautifully from a form that has been through many hardships," and Sainte-Beuve praised rhyme, saying, "Rhyme gives resonance to song."

For example, in Japanese waka poetry, ritsu is a syllable rhythm based on 5-7 or 7-5 rhythm, the former being widely seen in the solemn and grandiose "Manyoshu," while the latter is said to be suitable for the light and elegant poems that came after the "Kokinshu." In waka poetry, unlike Western and Chinese poetry, there are no strict rules for rhyming, but in the poem "Hisakata no Hikari no Dokeki Haru no Hi ni Shizu Kokoro Naku Hana no Chiruramu," there is an alliteration of the ha row, "Hisakata no/Hikari nodo keki/Haruno hi ni/Shizu kokoro naku/Hanano tiruran," and in the poem "Kore ya kono yukumo kaerumo wa sare ga fuite wa kara mo shiru naru mo Afusaka no Seki," there is a rhyme of the mo sound in two phrases, as in "Yukumo kaerumo" (going or returning) and "Shirumo siranumo" (knowing or not knowing). However, traditional Japanese poetry is generally lacking in rhyme elements, although there are some examples, such as the French Matinée Poétique poets, who have attempted to introduce rhyme into modern poetry.

The rhythm of poetry reflects the characteristics of each language. In Greek and Latin poetry, rhythm is determined by long and short vowels, while in English and German poetry, rhythm is determined by stress and accent. In French, Italian, and Spanish poetry, which have weak stressed sounds, rhythm is determined by the number of syllables, just like in Japanese.

[Kubota Haniya]

"Literary Theory" by Kuki Shuzo (1941, Iwanami Shoten) " "An Introduction to English Poetry" by Saito Isamu (1977, Kenkyusha Publishing) " "French Poetics, Volumes 1 and 2" by Suzuki Shintaro (1950, 1954, Hakusuisha Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

詩における音声、調(しらべ)を形成するものは韻と律であり、あわせて韻律とよんでいる。韻とは同音または類似音を配列することで、頭韻、脚韻、半諧音(かいおん)などの種類がある。また、律とは一句の語数に一定の規約を設けることによって成り立ち、漢詩における五言律、七言律がこれにあたる。要するに詩の音楽性は、韻と律との2要素を母体とするものだが、律は詩歌の形式、骨組みであり、韻はその内部的な旋律ということができる。テオフィル・ゴーチエは、「作品は苦難を重ねた形式から/一段と美しく/現れでてくる」と歌い、サント・ブーブは、「脚韻よ、歌にひびきを/あたえるもの」と韻をたたえている。

 日本の和歌を例にとっていえば、律は五七調、七五調を基本とする音数律であり、前者は荘重雄大な『万葉集』に多く認められ、後者は『古今集』以後の軽快優美な歌に適したとされている。和歌においては、西欧や中国の詩におけるように、厳密な押韻規則はないが、「久方(ひさかた)の光のどけき春の日にしづ心なく花の散るらむ」には、「Hisakata no/Hikari nodo keki/Haruno hi ni/Sizu kokoro naku/Hanano tiruran」とハ行の頭韻が踏まれているし、「これやこの行くも帰るも別れては知るも知らぬも逢坂(あふさか)の関」の一首では、「行くも帰るも」(Yukumo kaerumo)、「知るも知らぬも」(Sirumo siranumo)といったぐあいに、モ音の脚韻が二つの句節に踏まれている。しかし日本の伝統詩では、韻の要素は一般的に乏しい。ただし、フランスのマチネ・ポエティクの詩人たちのように、現代詩に脚韻の導入を試みた例もある。

 詩のリズム(律)には各国語の特色が生かされている。ギリシア語やラテン語の詩では母音の長短、英語やドイツ語の詩では強弱アクセントがそれぞれリズムをつくり、強張音の弱いフランス語、イタリア語、スペイン語の詩では、日本語の場合と同じように、音綴(おんてつ)(シラブル)の数が基準となっている。

[窪田般彌]

『九鬼周造著『文藝論』(1941・岩波書店)』『斉藤勇著『英詩概論』(1977・研究社出版)』『鈴木信太郎著『フランス詩法』上下(1950、54・白水社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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