Busan - Fuzan

Japanese: 釜山 - ふざん

It is a metropolitan city located in the southeastern corner of South Korea (Republic of Korea). It has an area of 758.21 square kilometers (1999) and a population of 4,108,400 (2001 estimate). The city was established as a governorate in 1914, and became the temporary capital of South Korea during the Korean War. In 1957, the district system was established, and in 1963 it was promoted to a direct-controlled city. In 1995, the local government system was reformed and it became a metropolitan city. It is made up of 15 districts and 1 county, and is South Korea's second largest city. The main industrial districts are characterized by the fact that Sasang district recently relocated factories from the center to create an industrial complex, where about 30% of the manufacturing industry is concentrated, forming Busan's largest industrial district and housing various kinds of factories. The Chungmu district is home to seafood processing and printing industries, and the Gupo district is home to small-scale industries. The Yeongdo area is known for its shipbuilding, metal and ceramic industries, the Gamcheon area for its chemical, metal and marine product processing industries, and the Dongnae area for its textile and metal industries. The Beomil and Yeonsan areas are densely populated with textile, metal and shoe factories.

Busan is Korea's No. 1 trading port. In 1999, exports amounted to $5.8 billion, with the main exports being textiles, footwear, steel, and ships. Imports amounted to $4.3 billion. In particular, the number of containers handled is the fifth largest in the world, after Hong Kong, Singapore, and Rotterdam. Busan is also the terminus of the Gyeongbu Railway Line, and is home to the Gyeongbu Expressway (Seoul-Busan) and Namhae Expressway (Busan-Gwangju), making it Korea's No. 1 international and domestic passenger port. Passenger planes depart and arrive every day from Gimhae International Airport to Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Fukuoka. There are also many educational facilities, including Pusan National University, Dong-A University, Pukyong National University, Koshin University, and Busan Women's University.

[Xing Foundation]

history

Until the Goryeo period, it was a small village, but in the early Yi Dynasty, it became a base for the navy to defend against Japanese pirates, and was also designated as a trading post with Japan. In 1419, after the Korean army's attack on Tsushima (the Oei Invasion), the Japanese pirates were pacified, and a "wakan" (Japanese-style building) was established as one of the Sanpo (open ports) and trade with Japan began. From 1547, it was the only trading post for Japan-Korea trade limited to the So clan of Tsushima Island, and although it was temporarily cut off by the invasion of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's army, it continued until the end of the Edo period. After the country opened up in 1876, it became a base for Japanese expansion, with a consulate and a settlement established, and sea routes to Shimonoseki and Hakata and the Gyeongbu Railway were opened. Under Japanese colonial rule, Japanese shops and companies flourished, the population rapidly increased, and it grew into Korea's second largest city.

[Mitsuo Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

韓国（大韓民国）南東端に位置する広域市。面積758.21平方キロメートル（1999）、人口410万8400（2001推計）。1914年に府制実施、朝鮮戦争中、韓国の臨時首都になり、57年に区制実施、63年直轄市に昇格。95年地方自治制度の改革により広域市となる。15区1郡で構成され、韓国第二の都市である。主要な工業地区の特色をあげると、まず沙上(さじょう)地区では最近、中心部の工場を移転して工業団地を造成し、製造業全体の約30％が集中、釜山最大の工業地域を形成しており、各種の工場が立地している。忠武地区は水産物加工業、印刷業、亀浦地区には小規模の工業が集中している。影島地区は造船、金属工業、陶磁器工業、甘川地区では化学、金属、水産物加工業、東莱(とうらい)地区では繊維、金属工業が盛んである。凡一・蓮山(れんざん)地区には繊維、金属、靴類の工場が密集している。

　釜山は韓国第一の貿易港である。1999年の輸出額は58億ドルで、おもな輸出品は織物、履き物、鉄鋼、船舶など。輸入額は43億ドル。とくにコンテナ取扱い個数では香港(ホンコン)、シンガポール、ロッテルダムなどに続いて世界第5位となっている。釜山はまた鉄道京釜線の終着点でもあり、京釜高速道路（ソウル―釜山）、南海高速道路（釜山―光州）などが集中しており、国際・国内旅客港の機能も韓国第一である。金海国際空港には毎日、東京、名古屋、大阪、福岡との間に旅客機が発着する。釜山大学校、東亜大学校、釜慶大学校、高神大学校、釜山女子大学校など教育施設も多い。

［邢　基　柱］

歴史

高麗(こうらい)時代まで寒村だったが、李朝(りちょう)初期に倭寇(わこう)を防ぐ水軍の根拠地となり、日本との交易地にも指定された。1419年、朝鮮軍の対馬(つしま)攻撃（応永(おうえい)の外寇(がいこう)）で倭寇が鎮静すると、三浦(さんぽ)（開港場）の一つとして「倭館」が設けられ、日本との交易が行われた。1547年以降、対馬島主宗(そう)氏に限定した日朝貿易の唯一の交易地とされ、豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉軍の侵入により一時断絶したが、江戸時代末期まで続いた。1876年の開国以後、日本の進出拠点となり、領事館、居留地が置かれ、下関、博多(はかた)との航路や京釜鉄道も開通した。日本の植民地下では日本人の商店、会社が林立し、人口も急増して朝鮮第二の都市に成長した。

［吉田光男］

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