Unbearable Tsukuda - Fukanden

In ancient times, fields that became uncultivable due to floods or other reasons. They were also called abandoned fields or desolate fields (different from uncultivated land). From the 9th century onwards, the area of ​​unsustainable fields applied for by kokushi from various provinces continued to increase. This was one of the kokushi's own strategies for embezzling land tax, but at the same time, it shows that with the growth of the manor system, there was a growing movement to refuse to pay land tax and to refuse the allocation of publicly-allocated rice (based on the area of ​​uncultivated fields). The government therefore decided to officially recognize up to one-tenth of the land taxed in a province as unsustainable, and if it exceeded this amount, the Daijokan would adjudicate it as excessively unsustainable. According to historical documents from the mid-10th century, it is known that there were kokushi who applied for huge amounts of unsustainable fields, amounting to about 80% of the land taxed in a province.

[Toshiya Torao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

古代において、洪水などによって耕作不能となった田地。荒廃田、荒田ともいう（荒地＝未墾地とは異なる）。9世紀以降、諸国の国司から申請される不堪佃田の面積は増大の一途をたどった。これは国司自身の田租着服策の一つであるが、同時に、荘園(しょうえん)制の成長に伴って田租の納入および公出挙(くすいこ)稲の割当（堪佃田の面積によって行われる）を拒否する動きが強まったことを示している。そこで政府は、一国内の輸租田の10分の1までは例不堪として公認し、それを超える場合は過分不堪として太政官(だいじょうかん)で裁定することにした。10世紀なかばの史料によると、国内の輸租田の約8割に達する莫大(ばくだい)な不堪佃田を申請した国司のあったことも知られる。

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