Filippo Buonarroti

An Italian international revolutionary. Born into a Pisan noble family descended from Michelangelo. While studying law at the University of Pisa, he was fascinated by the ideas of the Enlightenment, especially those of Rousseau. When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, he traveled to Corsica, where he participated in the anti-feudal struggle on the island and published a patriotic newspaper calling for liberation from tyranny in Italian cities. In 1793, he arrived in Paris, joined the Jacobin Club, and obtained French citizenship. In 1794, as an ardent follower of Robespierre, he was dispatched to Oneglia, a territory occupied by the French army in northern Italy, where he attempted to rally the Italian Jacobins and establish a base for the Jacobin Revolution. In the spring of 1795, he was recalled to Paris, where the Thermidorians were in control, and imprisoned. He met Babeuf in prison, and after his release, he resumed his revolutionary activities as chairman of the Panthéon Club, and eventually became a member of the Committee of the Insurrection led by Babeuf. The plot to revolt was discovered in advance, and he was arrested together with Babeuf in May 1796, and sentenced to exile the following year in 1797. After moving around France, he was released from surveillance in 1806 and allowed to stay in Geneva, but was later driven out of Switzerland by the Austrian authorities, and moved to Brussels in 1824.

During his more than 20 years of exile in Switzerland and Belgium, he made a living as a music tutor while devoting himself to organizing secret societies in various places aiming for an egalitarian revolution. The Italian Revolution, which he placed great importance on, was positioned within the international revolution led by France, and this became the cause of his conflict with Mazzini, who advocated Italian independence in the 1830s. During his stay in Brussels, he published The Conspiracy of Babeuf for Equality (1828), which attempted to theoretically explain Babeufism from a Jacobin perspective and conveyed the elite-led revolutionary method to future generations. After the July Revolution of 1830, he returned to Paris and continued his indomitable activities until the end of his life at the age of 76.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

"People Obsessed with Equality" by Noboru Hiraoka (Iwanami Shinsho)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

イタリアの国際的革命家。ミケランジェロの系統をひくピサの貴族の出。ピサ大学で法律を学ぶかたわら啓蒙(けいもう)思想とりわけルソーに心酔した。1789年フランス革命が起こるとコルシカに渡り、同島の反封建闘争に参加するとともに愛国的新聞を発行して専制からの解放をイタリア諸都市に呼びかけた。1793年パリに到着し、ジャコバン・クラブに加入しフランス市民権を得た。1794年ロベスピエールの熱烈な信奉者として北イタリアのフランス軍占領地オネリアに派遣され、イタリアのジャコバン派を結集してジャコバン革命の拠点構築を試みた。1795年春テルミドール派の支配するパリに召還され、投獄された。獄中バブーフに出会い、釈放後パンテオン・クラブの議長として革命活動を再開し、やがてバブーフを首領とする蜂起(ほうき)委員会の一員になった。蜂起計画は事前に発覚、1796年5月バブーフとともに逮捕され、翌1797年流刑の判決を受けた。フランス各地を転々としたのち、1806年監視を解かれ、ジュネーブに滞在が許された。その後オーストリア官憲によってスイスを追われ、1824年ブリュッセルに移った。

　20年を超えるスイスとベルギーへの亡命中、音楽の家庭教師で生計をたてながら、平等革命を目ざす秘密結社を各地に組織することに専念した。彼が重視したイタリア革命も、フランスの主導する国際的革命のなかに位置づけられており、これが、1830年代にイタリアの自立性を主張するマッツィーニと対立する原因になった。ブリュッセル滞在中、『平等のためのバブーフの陰謀』を出版し（1828）、ジャコバン的視点からバブーフ主義の理論的解明を試み、後世にエリート主導の革命方式を伝えた。1830年のフランスの七月革命後パリに帰り、不屈の活動を続けながら76年の生涯を終えた。

［重岡保郎］

『平岡昇著『平等に憑かれた人々』（岩波新書）』

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