Fermat's principle

Japanese: フェルマーの原理 - ふぇるまーのげんり(英語表記)Fermat's principle
Fermat's principle

The principle that forms the basis of geometric optics. It is expressed as "the path of light traveling between two points is the one that takes the most extreme time of all the geometrically possible paths." Based on this, it is possible to determine the reflection and refraction of light rays at the boundary between media, and the path of light in inhomogeneous media where the refractive index hardly changes at the wavelength of light. In 1661, French mathematician Fermat formulated it and derived the law of refraction. The straight line travel of light in a homogeneous medium is obtained as a special case (hereinafter, the speed of light refers to the product of wavelength and frequency).

Now, when light travels at speeds of v A and v B through media A and B that are in contact on a plane, the time it takes for light to travel from P to R to Q is given by (1) in the figure .

From the condition where t takes an extreme value with respect to the change in x , we obtain v A / v B = sinθ/sin∅, which is the law of refraction. This formula can also be expressed in the form n B / n A = sinθ/sin∅ (Snell's relation, Snell's law) using the absolute refractive indices of each medium, n A = c / v A , n B = c / v B ( c is the speed of light in a vacuum) . Regarding the law of reflection , (2) in the figure shows that the actual path P → R → Q takes the shortest time. When two media meet on a flat surface, the extreme value of t is the minimum value, but in the case of a general curved surface, it may or may not be a maximum or minimum ((3) in the figure ). However, by expressing the principle as "the time required for light to travel between two fixed points P and Q is invariant to any small change in the path along the way, i.e., the variation in the time required with respect to the path is 0," the content can be expressed as the variation principle.

(Instead of 1/ v , the absolute refractive index on the path, n = c / v, can be used.) By rewriting the principle of least action in mechanics, which determines the motion of a mass point with constant energy, using the wave nature of material particles, we can obtain a relationship corresponding to this variation principle.

[Kanji Fujii]

[References] | Fermat
Fermat's Principle (Diagram)
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Fermat's Principle (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

幾何光学の基礎になる原理。「2点間を進む光の径路は、幾何学的に可能な径路のなかで所要時間が極値をとるもの」と表現される。これに基づき、媒質境界での光線の反射・屈折や、光の波長の程度ではほとんど屈折率が変わらないような不均一媒質での光の径路を決めることができる。1661年にフランスの数学者フェルマーが定式化し、屈折の法則を導出した。均一媒質中での光の直進は、特別な場合として得られる(以下で光速という場合、波長と振動数の積を意味する)。

 いま光速vAvBで光が進む媒質A、Bが平面で接するとき、光がP→R→Qと進む所要時間tは、の(1)より

である。txの変化に対して極値をとる条件から、vA/vB=sinθ/sin∅が得られ、屈折の法則になる。この式は、それぞれの媒質の絶対屈折率nAc/vAnBc/vBcは真空中での光速)を用いた形nB/nA=sinθ/sin∅(スネルの関係、スネルの法則)にも表される。反射の法則についてはの(2)から、実際の径路P→R→Qが最短時間になることがわかる。2媒質が平面で接するときtの極値は最小値になるが、一般の曲面の場合に極大値になることも、また極大にも極小にもならないこともある(の(3))。しかしながら、原理の表現を、「固定された2点間P、Qを光が進む所要時間は、途中の径路の任意の微小変化に対し不変、すなわち所要時間の径路に関する変分が0である」として、その内容を変分原理

として表せば、曲面での屈折・反射や不均一媒質中での光の径路を含め幾何光学の内容を与える基本式となる(1/vのかわりに径路上の絶対屈折率nc/vを用いてもよい)。物質粒子のもつ波動性を用いて、エネルギー一定の質点の運動を決める力学での最小作用の原理を書き直すと、この変分原理に対応した関係が得られる。

[藤井寛治]

[参照項目] | フェルマー
フェルマーの原理〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

フェルマーの原理〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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