A general term for palm plants. It is divided into 11 subfamilies and 29 tribes (tribes), including the subfamily Cocosinae, Arecainae, and Acanthaceae. It is also classified as a palm family in the APG classification, and is divided into 6 subfamilies and 190 genera. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] Classification and DistributionThe Coconut family has about 660 species, the Areca family has about 1,400 species, half of all palms, and the Acanthaceae family has about 700 species. These three groups are the major groups that include the majority of palms. They are native to New Zealand in the south and Europe in the north, at about 40 degrees south and north latitude, and their distribution has expanded to 43 degrees south and 47 degrees north, growing naturally in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones all over the world, and the latitude varies depending on ocean currents, altitude, weather, and other conditions. The minimum temperature for growth is about -10°C. Palm species are most abundant in Central and South America, with Brazil being the largest, and almost half of the total 3,300 or so species are found in North and South America. They grow in a variety of locations, including underwater, on the beach, in the desert, and on high mountains. The soil is mostly slightly acidic, but there are also alkaline areas on coral reefs and in dry areas. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] formPalms are the most developed of the monocotyledonous higher plants, and their streamlined leaf crowns, formed by fibrous veins with petioles at the top of cylindrical stems, give them a sleek appearance that is unique to palms. With the exception of a few varieties used as fruit trees or materials, most of the more than 3,000 species are used for decoration, tourism, and environmental beautification, and are valued for the shape of their leaf crowns. In this sense, palms should be considered as ornamental plants in horticulture. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] stemThe trunks usually grow upwards, but rarely branch out. They grow solitary or in clumps. Some species do not have trunks that reach above ground. They vary greatly in size, from 30 centimeters to 100 meters in height and 2 millimeters to 1.5 meters in diameter. The veins of the terminal vascular bundle of the leaves do not form a mesh, but are generally parallel to the leaf blades, and they always have petioles, which is different from the lily family. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] leafLeaf shapes can be broadly divided into palmate and pinnate. The former has a petiole that terminates at the leaf attachment point, while the latter has a central axis that extends from the upper end into the leaf body. Both are basically the same structure, with palmate leaves simply being compressed and accumulated at the leaf attachment point of the petiole, and pinnate leaves having leaflets arranged in a pinnate pattern on both sides of an elongated central axis. Leaflets can be lanceolate or truncated (toothed), but the seeds of the latter often have multiple grooves on the periphery. Leaflets can be V-shaped (inwardly syncretized, e.g., phoenix, peacock palm, and palm) or Λ-shaped (outwardly syncretized, e.g., coconut palm, areca palm, and tengu palm), and are already polymerized into either V or Λ at the leaf bud stage. The sharp spines on the stem, leaves, and petioles are protective organs against animals. The leaves come in a variety of colors, including green, gray, and white, and some are withered when young and turn green later, which serves as a protective color. Palm leaves grow outward around the trunk as a central axis, with each individual leaf forming a spiral that shifts from one to the other over the entire circumference of the trunk at a range of 120 to 180 degrees. The angle is a number of degrees specific to each individual variety. There are left and right directions of the spiral, and the direction can be observed from the state of the leaf. The leaf flutters in the opposite direction of the rotation around the trunk, and curves slightly tilted. The direction of the spiral indicates clockwise or counterclockwise. 120 degrees and 180 degrees are special angles that divide the circumference into thirds and half, so the 120-degree angle divides the circumference of the trunk axis into thirds, and the petioles grow in three vertical rows, while the 180-degree angle divides the circumference of the trunk axis into thirds, and the petioles grow in two vertical rows on both sides of the trunk axis, forming flat folds. It is thought that the left or right side is determined during cell division in the seed shoot. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] flowerDepending on the variety, the flowers can be of any gender, including bisexual, male, female, or neutral, but all are characterized by the fact that the spadix that grows within the bracts opens up into a spike-like pedicel, and that the number of petals, sepals, stamens, ovary, and stigma is a multiple of three. Many species have between 3 and 150 stamens, and among those with six or more, there are flowers that are not divisible by three. There are exceptions (such as the American ivory palm) among palms in the Andes, in which the number of stamens and petals is indefinite. Many male flowers have sterile pistils, and female flowers have sterile (antherless) stamens. These are vestigial organs of bisexual flowers, and unisexual flowers are easily mistaken for bisexual flowers. In unisexual flowers where female and male flowers are on the same stalk, there are often three flowers in a group, with a female flower in the center and one male flower on each side, and only male flowers are arranged in a bead-like row toward the tip of the stalk. Some flowers fully open and fall off soon after the bracts split and the inflorescence inside opens like a branch, while others remain in bud for a long time. In all cases, the female flowers usually open after the male flowers have fallen, but fertilization has already occurred in the stigma of the female flower. In the case of closed buds, the female flowers have progressed in growth by the time the male flowers bloom. Male flowers are generally small, about 1 to 12 millimeters. Not only flowers but also individual plants have sex, and hermaphrodite flowers are not limited to monoecious plants, and there are many examples of dioecious plants with hermaphrodite flowers (palms). Even among unisexual flowers, there are some with sterile stamens without anthers on the female flowers, and some male flowers have sterile pistils, so they look like hermaphrodites at first glance, but both are vestigial organs. There are two types of hybridization within the same genus: the phoenix is easy to hybridize, while the Washington palm, hoa, and bottle palm rarely hybridize. The petal colors are white, yellow-white, peach, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue, purple, peach-purple, brown, and other shades of color. Inflorescences can be branched into stalks or whip-shaped without branches, with some having only one inflorescence per inflorescence. There are also cases where monoecious plants produce separate inflorescences for both sexes (African oil palm, Nipa palm). Some plants are bisexual, with male and female flowers borne separately, depending on the stalk, even on the same inflorescence. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] fruitFruits usually grow in clusters, and some species flower and fruit continuously, some once a year, and some once in a lifetime. As an angiosperm, the fruit structure consists of a seed coat and a pericarp, and the seed coat is made up of a kernel and a seed coat. The seed coat is made up of an exocarp and an endocarp, and is often woody or made of thick membrane tissue, while the pericarp is made up of an exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp (core), and the endocarp is thick and woody, and some are indistinguishable from the seed coat. The endocarp is usually called the seed. The kernel is made up of an embryo and endosperm, and the embryo is made up of cotyledons, shoot, and root, and the embryo is inscribed in the endocarp, and the seed coat and endocarp have a micropyle. Some mesocarps contain sugar, and the seeds contain proteins, sugars, and oils. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] usePalms are closely related to the lives of tropical peoples. In the Middle East, the sugary flesh (mesocarp) of the date palm has been used as food for 6,000 years, and even today it is used to make sweets, fructose, alcohol, and other products. The endosperm of coconut palms and African oil palms produces large quantities of high-quality oils and fats (copra) that are used for industrial purposes and in soap and margarine. Molasses and sugar are also obtained from several types of sugar palm by cutting the flower stalk and boiling down the sap that comes out of the cut and drying it. Although the amount varies, palms generally contain sugar, and if a method of collection can be devised, the quantity is greater than that of sugar cane. [Toshihiko Satake May 21, 2019] Industrial raw materials include wax from the leaves of the wax palm and the Grenada palm, starch from the trunk of the sago palm, fiber from the feathers of the raffia palm and the leaf stalks of the buttercup palm, rattan from rattan, and red varnish and dye from the resin of the giraffe's blood plant. The heart leaves of the cabbage palm, palmit, and buttercup palm are fresh vegetables in Brazil and other countries, and are also canned. The fruits of the salacca palm, rattan, and buttercup palm are eaten raw as fruits. Buttons are made from the hard endosperm of the button palm, the American palm, and the Brazilian buttercup palm. Muslims use the seeds of the peacock palm for prayer beads. The leaves of palm trees such as nipa, coconut, and butter palm have a wide range of uses, including roofing and wall materials, fans, hats, baskets, as a substitute for paper, and for crafts. In the tropics, many palm trees are used for decoration, including the imperial palm, areca palm, and bottle palm with their beautiful trunks, the scarlet palm with its red petioles, and the red-palmed palm. In warm areas of Japan, the Canary Islands palm and Washington palm are used as trees for lining streets and in gardens. Palm trees, palm bamboo, and bamboo shoots are even more cold-resistant. [Hiroshi Yuasa May 21, 2019] FolklorePalm trees, which are closely related to people in tropical regions, are highly nutritious, as can be seen from copra, and it is said that palm trees alone are enough to stave off hunger in times of famine. Tamil (Sri Lankan) poetry lists 810 uses for the lonta palm, and its leaves alone are used in a variety of ways, such as for thatching roofs, weaving them to make various containers, and rolling tobacco leaves. A habit similar to smoking called "betel chewing" is widespread in tropical regions, in which betel nuts and betel leaves are chewed with lime, which is said to eliminate bad breath and have a kind of stimulating effect. Palm wine is also made from coconut, lonta, and areca palms. It is said that Sanskrit characters were first written on the leaves of the Lonta palm, and a huge amount of ritual texts written on the leaves of the Lonta palm remain on the Indonesian island of Bali. The straight trunk of the Lonta palm is likened to a symbol of power and majesty in the Ramayana (the great Sanskrit epic poem of ancient India), and in the central part of the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, the coconut is a symbol of fertility and safety. [Bin Nakagawa, May 21, 2019] [References] | |Peacock | |Sago | |Palm | | | | | | | | |©Masayoshi Umebayashi "> Palm morphology (tree shape, leaves, fruits) ©Masayoshi Umebayashi "> Palm morphology (flower shape) ©Masayoshi Umebayashi "> Palm Morphology (Fruits and Seeds) It grows to a height of about 6m. It is relatively cold-resistant. Japanese name: Brazilian palm ©Seishohmaru "> Butia Capitata It grows to a height of 6-40m and is often used as a roadside tree. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ©Shogakukan "> Giant palm Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヤシ科植物の総称。ココヤシ亜科、アレカヤシ亜科、トウ亜科など11亜科29族(連)に分けられる。APG分類でもヤシ科とされ、6亜科190属に分けられる。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 分類・分布ココヤシ亜科は約660種、アレカ亜科はヤシ全体の半数約1400種、トウ亜科は約700種で、この3グループはヤシの大部分を含める大群族である。原産は南はニュージーランド、北はヨーロッパにかけて南緯・北緯ともほぼ40度、分布は南緯43度、北緯47度に拡大し、全世界の熱帯、亜熱帯、温帯に自生し、緯度は海流、海抜、気象などの条件で一定しない。生育気温は零下10℃程度が最低である。ヤシの種類は中南米にもっとも多く、ブラジルが最大で、全品種3300余種のほぼ半数は南北アメリカ大陸に発生している。自生帯は水中、海浜、砂漠、高山などさまざまである。土質は弱酸性が多く、サンゴ礁や乾燥帯にはアルカリ性の産地もある。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 形態ヤシは単子葉植物中もっとも発達した高等植物で、円柱状の幹茎の頂部に葉柄のある繊維質の葉脈が流線形の葉冠を形成しているスマートな容姿がヤシ独特の魅力的美観といえよう。果樹とか材料として利用される2、3の品種を除く3000余種のほとんどは装飾とか観光とか環境の美化に用いられ、葉冠の姿態が評価される。この意味において、ヤシは園芸的には観葉植物とみるべきである。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 幹幹は普通上方に伸びるが、枝を分岐するものは少ない。単立または分株叢生(そうせい)する。幹が地上に出ない種類もある。高さ30センチメートルから100メートル、径は2ミリメートルから1.5メートルと大小の差が著しい。葉は頂生管束である葉脈が網目にならず、葉片方向に平行しているのが原則であり、かならず葉柄があるのがユリ科などとは異なる点である。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 葉葉形は大別すると、掌状葉と羽状葉である。前者は葉柄が着葉部で中絶し、後者は上端部から中軸になって葉体中に伸びたものである。両者は基本構造においては同一で、単に小葉片が葉柄の着葉部に圧縮されたように集積したのが掌状葉で、伸長した中軸の両側に小葉片が羽状に多散配列したのが羽状葉である。小葉の形状には披針(ひしん)形と切頭(せっとう)形(歯形)があるが、後者の種子の周面は複数の溝のあるものが多い。小葉片にはV字形(内向鑷合(じょうごう)状、たとえばフェニックス、クジャクヤシ、シュロ)とΛ字形(外向鑷合状、たとえばココヤシ、アレカヤシ、テングヤシ)があり、葉芽時においてすでにV、Λいずれかに重合している。幹、葉、葉柄などに鋭刺のあるのは動物に対する保護器官である。葉の色は緑、灰、白色などがあり、若葉時には枯色でのちに緑色になるものがあるのは保護色の意味もある。ヤシの葉は幹を中心軸として幹の円周に派出伸長するが、単位の葉が幹の全周にわたり120~180度の範囲に次々とずれて旋回状をなして発生する。その角度は個体の品種固有の度数である。旋回方向には左右があり、その方向は葉の様態で観測できる。幹を軸とする回転の逆方向になびき、やや傾いて湾曲する。その旋回方向が右回り、左回りの方向を示している。120度と180度は円周が3分の1と2分の1に割り切れる特殊角なので、120度のものは幹軸の円周を3等分して葉柄が3列に垂直に条列をなして着生し、180度のものは葉柄が2列に垂直の条列状に幹軸の両側に平面的なひだ状をなして着生する。種子の幼芽の細胞分裂時に、左右いずれかに定まるものと考えられる。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 花花は品種によって両性花、雄花、雌花、中性花など、あらゆる性別があるが、いずれも包葉内で成長した肉穂花の花柄が開いて穂状をなすこと、花弁、萼(がく)、雄しべ、子房、柱頭の数が3の倍数であるのが特徴である。雄しべは3~150本の範囲で種類が多く、6本以上のものには3で割り切れない花も混じっている。アンデス山系のヤシには雄しべも花弁も不定数の例外(アメリカゾウゲヤシ)がある。雄花に不稔(ふねん)性の雌しべのあるもの、雌花に無精(無葯(やく))の雄しべのあるものが多い。これは両性花の痕跡(こんせき)器官で、単性花が両性花に誤認されやすい。単性花で雌花と雄花が同一花軸にあるものでは、中央に雌花、その両側に1個ずつの雄花がついて3個1組の集合花になっている例が多く、花軸の先端に向かっては雄花だけが数珠(じゅず)状に列をなしてつき、包葉が割れて内蔵の花序が枝状に開くとまもなく雄花が全開し早期に落花するものと、長期間つぼみのまま閉じているものもある。いずれも雄花が散ってから雌花が開くのが普通であるが、すでに雌花の柱頭では受精が終わっている。つぼみのまま閉じたものの場合は雄花の開花までに雌花の成長が進行する。雄花は総じて小さく1~12ミリメートル程度。ヤシの性別は花だけでなく個体としての株自体にも性別があり、両性花も雌雄同株に限らず、雌雄異株に両性花のある例(シュロ)は多い。単性花でも雌花に葯のない無精の雄しべがついたものがあり、雄花でも不稔性の雌しべがあって一見両性花に似た花があるが、ともに痕跡器官になっている。同属異種の交配性には有無の2種があり、たとえばフェニックスは交配しやすく、ワシントンヤシ、ホエア、トックリヤシなどはほとんど交配しない。 花弁の色は白、黄白、桃、黄、黄緑、緑、青、紫、桃紫、褐色などじみである。花序には花柄が小枝に分岐するものと、枝のない鞭(むち)状のものとがあり、1花序に1本だけのものがある。雌雄同株でも雌雄別々の花序を発生する例(アフリカアブラヤシ、ニッパヤシ)もある。同一花序でも花軸によって両性化、雄花、雌花を別々に着生するものもある。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 果実果実は房状に着生する例が普通で、開花と結実が間断なく連続するものと、年1回のもの、一生に1回のものがある。果実の構造は被子植物として種皮と果皮からなり、種皮は仁(じん)と種皮からなる。種皮は外種皮と内種皮からなり、木質か厚膜組織のものが多く、果皮は外果皮、中果皮、内果皮(核)からなり、内果皮は木角質の厚いものになり、種皮と区別のないものもある。普通は内果皮を種子と通称する。仁は胚(はい)と胚乳からなり、胚は子葉、幼芽、幼根からなり、胚が内種皮に内接し、種皮と内果皮に珠孔がある。中果皮には糖分を含むものがあり、種子にはタンパク質、糖分、油脂が含まれている。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 利用熱帯民族の生活にはヤシは密接な関係がある。中近東では6000年前からナツメヤシの糖分の多い果肉(中果皮)が食料として利用され、現代でも菓子、果糖、アルコールなどの用途に供される。ココヤシやアフリカアブラヤシなどの胚乳から多量の良質な油脂(コプラ)が得られ、工業用、せっけん、マーガリンなどに利用される。また数種のサトウヤシ類からは、花柄に切り傷をつけ、切り口から出る樹液を煮つめ、乾燥して糖蜜(とうみつ)、砂糖を得る。量の多少はあるが、ヤシ全般に砂糖を含み、採集法さえ案出できれば、量的にはサトウキビの及ばないほどである。 [佐竹利彦 2019年5月21日] 工業原料としてはブラジルロウヤシやグレナダロウヤシなどの葉からロウ、サゴヤシの幹からでんぷん、ラフィアヤシの羽片やオウギヤシの葉柄から繊維、トウからは籐(とう)、キリンケツ(麒麟血)の樹脂から赤色のニスや染料がとれる。キャベツヤシ、アメリカパルミット、オウギヤシの芯葉(しんよう)はブラジルなどでは生鮮野菜であり、缶詰にもされる。サラッカヤシ、トウ、オウギヤシなどの実は果物として生食される。ボタンヤシ、アメリカゾウゲヤシ、ブラジルゾウゲヤシの固い胚乳(はいにゅう)からはボタンが製造された。クジャクヤシの種子をイスラム教徒は数珠(じゅず)に使う。ニッパヤシ、ココヤシ、オウギヤシをはじめとする葉は屋根材、壁材、団扇(うちわ)、帽子、籠(かご)、紙の代用、工芸品など利用は広い。 熱帯では観賞用に幹の美しいダイオウヤシ、アレカヤシ、トックリヤシや葉柄の赤いショウジョウヤシ、ベニウチワヤシをはじめ多数のヤシが使われる。日本でも暖地ではカナリーヤシやワシントンヤシが並木や庭園樹にされる。シュロ、シュロチク、カンノンチクはさらに耐寒性がある。 [湯浅浩史 2019年5月21日] 民俗熱帯地域の人々と密接な関係にあるヤシは、コプラからもわかるように栄養価が非常に高く、飢饉(ききん)の際にはヤシだけでも飢えをしのげるといわれる。タミール(スリランカ)の詩には、810ものロンターヤシの使用法があげられているが、その葉だけでも屋根を葺(ふ)いたり、編んでさまざまな容器をつくったり、タバコの葉を巻くなど、いろいろに利用される。「ベテル・チューイング」といって、喫煙とよく似た習慣が熱帯地域に広く分布しているが、これはビンロウジの実とキンマの葉を石灰といっしょにかむもので、口臭を除き、一種の覚醒(かくせい)効果が得られるという。ココヤシ、ロンターヤシ、アレカヤシなどからは、やし酒もつくられる。 サンスクリット文字は最初ロンターヤシの葉に筆記されたといわれ、インドネシアのバリ島には、ロンターヤシの葉に筆記された膨大な儀礼のテキストが残されている。まっすぐに伸びたロンターヤシの幹は、『ラーマーヤナ』(古代インドのサンスクリット大叙事詩)のなかでは力と威風の象徴に例えられ、また東インドネシアのフロレス島中部では、ココヤシの実が豊饒(ほうじょう)と安全の象徴とされている。 [中川 敏 2019年5月21日] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©梅林正芳"> ヤシ類の形態(樹形、葉、果実) ©梅林正芳"> ヤシ類の形態(花形) ©梅林正芳"> ヤシ類の形態(果実と種子) 高さ約6m。比較的耐寒性が強い。和名ブラジルヤシ©Seishohmaru"> ブティア・カピタータ 高さ6~40mになり、街路樹としてよく利用される。ブラジル リオ・デ・ジャネイロ©Shogakukan"> ダイオウヤシ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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