Film badge - Film badge

Japanese: フィルムバッジ - ふぃるむばっじ(英語表記)film badge
Film badge - Film badge

A type of personal monitoring measuring device that measures the human body's external exposure to radiation. It darkens the film through the photographic action of ionizing radiation, and measures the radiation dose from the degree of darkening. It generally consists of film and a badge case with a filter to distinguish the type and energy of radiation. It is worn on the surface of the body, such as the chest, to measure the radiation exposure dose. It can measure radiation types such as X-rays, γ (gamma) rays, β (beta) rays, and neutron rays. Neutron rays do not directly darken the film, so for example, thermal neutrons can be measured by the darkening caused by gamma rays produced in a nuclear reaction with the cadmium filter, and fast neutrons can be measured by the tracks of recoil protons produced in the film emulsion.

Although film badges have the advantages of being small, lightweight, and strong, and of being able to store and reread developed film, they have some drawbacks, such as the need for a development process to fix the latent image created in the film emulsion by radiation into a visible image, their unsuitability for long-term use in hot and humid environments that cause deterioration of the latent image before development (latent image regression development), and limited product availability due to the shrinking film market, so that personal monitoring measuring devices other than film badges are becoming more widely used, such as TLD dosimeters that use the thermoluminescence phenomenon, OSL dosimeters that use the optically stimulated luminescence phenomenon, and fluorescent glass dosimeters that use the radiophotoluminescence phenomenon. Electronic dosimeters that use silicon semiconductor detectors, which have a direct digital display and can also be equipped with an alarm function, are also widely used.

[Shoji Izawa]

[Reference] | Radiation | Radiation detector

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

放射線による人体の外部被曝(ひばく)を測定する個人モニタリング用測定器の一種。電離放射線の写真作用によってフィルムを黒化させ、その黒化度から放射線量を測定するもの。一般的にはフィルムと、放射線の種類やエネルギーを弁別するためのフィルターをつけたバッジケースから構成されている。胸部などの身体表面に装着して被曝線量を測定する。X線、γ(ガンマ)線、β(ベータ)線や中性子線などの線種を測定することができる。中性子線の場合、フィルムを直接黒化しないので、たとえば熱中性子線については、フィルターであるカドミウムとの核反応で生成されるγ線による黒化で、また速中性子線についてはフィルム乳剤中に生成される反跳陽子の飛跡によって測定できる。

 フィルムバッジは、小型・軽量で強度にすぐれることや現像済みフィルムを保存でき再度読み取り可能といった利点がある反面、放射線によってフィルム乳剤中にできた潜像を目に見える像として固定するための現像操作が必要であること、現像前の潜像の劣化(潜像退行現像)を生じさせる高温多湿環境下での長期間使用には不向きであること、フィルム市場の縮小による製品入手の制限などの難点があるため、熱ルミネセンス現象を利用したTLD線量計、光刺激ルミネセンス現象を利用したOSL線量計、ラジオフォトルミネセンス現象を利用した蛍光ガラス線量計等、フィルムバッジ以外の個人モニタリング用測定器が多用されるようになっている。また、デジタル表示で直読可能、警報機能の付帯も可能なシリコン半導体検出器を使用した電子式線量計も広く利用されている。

[井澤庄治]

[参照項目] | 放射線 | 放射線検出器

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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