A general term for the species of leeches in the class Hirudinea of the phylum Annelida. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, including freshwater and terrestrial wetlands, but there are also many marine species, most of which parasitize fish, crustaceans, and turtles. [Minoru Imajima] formThe body is long and slender, with numerous ring-shaped stripes, but all leeches have 34 true segments, regardless of species or body size. The surface of the body has a ring groove, eyes, sensory projections, and papillae, and there is a sucker on the ventral surface of both the front and back ends of the body. The mouth is located at the base of the front sucker, and the shape of the digestive tract that continues from the mouth varies depending on the species. Some have a proboscis suitable for sucking blood (Prostrichidae), some have well-developed jaws (Gnathobiidae), and some have a long pharynx suitable for eating meat (Pharyopharynidae). Inside the body of leeches, the connective tissue and muscles are highly developed, making the body cavity extremely narrow, and the gaps become like tubes that act as blood vessels, through which red blood containing hemoglobin flows. The digestive tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, caecum, stomach, intestines and ends at the anus, with the stomach taking up the majority of the digestive tract, and each body segment has a lateral blind pouch extending from the stomach. All leeches are hermaphroditic, with each individual having both male and female reproductive organs. When sexually mature, a ring forms on the 10th to 13th body segments, the male genital opening opens on the 11th body segment, and the female genital opening opens on the ventral midline on the 12th body segment. Mating methods also vary depending on the species, with some mating indirectly via spermatophore (Rostreibida, Pharyngeal Birchiida) and others mating directly via the penis (Gnathobirchiida). [Minoru Imajima] EcologyThe mouths of the Japanese leech and the land leech, which belong to the order Gnathids, have jaws with a row of teeth like circular sawtooth, and while they attach themselves to the skin of other animals, they also use these teeth to cut the skin in a Y-shape. Leeches' salivary glands contain hirudin, a substance that inhibits blood clotting, and a histamine-like substance that dilates blood vessels. They inject these liquids while sucking blood. Therefore, the bleeding of the animal that has had its blood sucked is difficult to stop. Japanese leeches can suck 2 to 5 times their body weight in one go, while land leeches can suck up to 10 times their body weight in one go. Taking advantage of this blood-sucking ability, Japanese leeches have been used in medicine since ancient times. The blood they suck in in large quantities is temporarily stored in the lateral blind sac and is gradually digested over a long period of time, so they can survive by sucking blood two or three times a year. Most leeches lay eggs once a year, which are laid in an egg sac. The shape of the egg sac varies depending on the species, and development progresses inside the egg sac before metamorphosing and emerging as a larva. Some leeches protect the egg sac by attaching it to the abdomen of their body after laying eggs. In addition to leeches that suck blood, some leeches, such as the four-horned moth and the mane leech, feed on earthworms, and there are also leeches that penetrate the tracheas of ducks, geese, and cows, causing the death of these parasitic animals. [Minoru Imajima] FolkloreLeeches are a nuisance to rice paddy farmers, and there are various customs for eliminating them. In Shizuoka City, the 15th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar is called Leech Memorial Day, when people make offerings to the gods and refrain from entering the fields. Around Yamagata County, Hiroshima Prefecture, each village worships a god called Heel God who wards off leeches. There are also legends in various places that say that a god or a famous priest sealed the leeches' mouths, and so the leeches in that area no longer suck blood. [Yo Kojima] ©Tomita Hyakushu "> Schematic diagram of the leech's body structure © Underwater Fort Enterprise Isamu Soyama "> Small brown hawk (ecology) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
環形動物門ヒル綱Hirudineaに属する種類の総称。淡水や陸上の湿地などに広く生息するほか、海にすむ種類も多く、それらの大部分は魚類、甲殻類、カメなどに寄生する。 [今島 実] 形態体は細長く扁平(へんぺい)で、多数の輪状の縞(しま)があるが、真の体節の数は種類や体の大小に関係なく、すべて34節である。体表には体環溝、目、感覚突起、乳頭などがあり、体の前後両端の腹面にはそれぞれ1個の吸盤がある。前方の吸盤の底には口があり、口から続く消化管の形には、種類によって特徴があり、吸血に適した吻(ふん)をもつもの(吻ビル目)、あごが発達したもの(顎ビル目(あごびるもく))、肉食に適した長い咽頭(いんとう)をもつもの(咽ビル目(いんびるもく))などがある。ヒル類の体内は、結合組織や筋肉がきわめて発達した結果、体腔(たいこう)が極度に狭められ、そのすきまが管のようになって血管の役割をし、ヘモグロビンを含む赤色の血液が流れている。消化管は口、咽頭、食道、嗉嚢(そのう)、胃、腸から肛門(こうもん)で終わるが、とくに胃が消化管の大部分を占め、そのうえ体節ごとに胃から側盲嚢を出している。ヒル類はすべて雌雄同体で、1個体に雌と雄の両方の生殖器官がある。性的に成熟すると第10~第13体節に環帯ができ、雄生殖口は第11体節、雌生殖口は第12体節の腹面正中線上に開く。交尾の方法も種類によって異なり、精包による間接的交尾を行うもの(吻ビル目、咽ビル目)と、陰茎による直接的交尾を行うもの(顎ビル目)がある。 [今島 実] 生態顎ビル目に属するチスイビルとヤマビルの口には、丸鋸歯(まるのこば)のような歯列をもつあごがあり、ほかの動物の皮膚に吸い付くと同時に、この歯で皮膚をY字形に切りつける。ヒルの唾腺(だせん)には、ヒルジンという血液凝固を妨げる物質と、血管の拡張作用をするヒスタミン様の物質が含まれていて、吸血と同時にこれらの液を注入しながら吸血をする。したがって、吸血された動物の出血はなかなか止血しないという特徴がある。チスイビルの吸血は1回に体重の2~5倍、ヤマビルでは体重の10倍もの血液を1回で吸血する。この吸血性を利用して、チスイビルは古くから医療に用いられている。なお、このように大量に吸った血液は側盲嚢に一時蓄えられ、徐々に長い時間をかけて消化されるようになっているので、1年に2、3回吸血すると一年中生活できる。産卵は大部分は年1回で、卵嚢内に産み出される。卵嚢の形は種類によりいろいろ違っていて、発生は卵嚢内で進み、変態して幼生となって外に出てくる。なかには産卵後、卵嚢を親が体の腹面につけて保護するものもある。ヒルには吸血するもののほかヨツワクガビルやマネビルはミミズを食べ、またカモ、ガチョウやウシなどの気管に入り込んで、それらの寄生動物を死に至らしめてしまうヒルもある。 [今島 実] 民俗ヒルは水田耕作者の害敵で、それを除去するための習俗がいろいろある。静岡市あたりでは、旧暦6月15日をヒル供養と称して、神に供え物をし、田に入らなかった。広島県山県(やまがた)郡周辺では、ヒール神さんといって集落ごとにヒル除(よ)けの神を祀(まつ)っている。神や名僧がヒルの口を封じたので、その土地のヒルは血を吸わないという伝説も各地にある。 [小島瓔] ©冨田百秋"> ヒルの体制模式図 ©水中フォート・エンタープライズ 楚山いさむ"> チスイビル(生態) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Vannoccio Biringuccio (English spelling)
Hard water is water that is difficult to soften ev...
Equipment used for irrigation and drainage. There ...
1. The big explosion at the beginning of the unive...
◎Official name: Republic of Malta. ◎Area: 316 km2 ...
A medical field that uses unsealed radioisotopes o...
…Florante and Laura (1838) is considered one of h...
The main stream of the Agano River system is call...
…[Kazuhiko Goto]. … *Some of the terminology that...
A type of lacquer art technique. Blocks of lacquer...
1492?-1583? A military chronicler of H. Cortes'...
A settlement with port facilities and a distribut...
〘Noun〙① Duties imposed on feudal lords, samurai, a...
…The following are representative examples of the...
...From 1905, social reform policies were impleme...
…Latin name Alkindus. The first philosopher in th...