Equation of state

Japanese: 状態方程式 - じょうたいほうていしき(英語表記)equation of state
Equation of state

An equation that expresses the state of an object using three variables: pressure, temperature, and volume. It is also called the equation of state. Therefore, there are equations of state for gases, liquids, and solids, but gases are usually the most common, and the equation of state for ideal gases, PV = nRT , is the most well-known. Here, P , V , and T represent pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, n represents the number of moles, and R represents the gas constant. Usually, the equation for n = 1, or 1 mole, is called the equation of state. This equation is derived from Boyle's law (Boyle-Gay-Lussac's law). For gases that actually exist, because the molecules have a certain size and there are attractive and repulsive forces between molecules, they cannot be expressed by a simple equation like that for ideal gases, and appropriate correction terms must be added. Many people have considered the correction terms empirically or theoretically depending on the conditions, and many relationships have been found, but the equation of state proposed by the Dutch physicist van der Waals is the most well-known.

[Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori]

In real gases, the forces acting between gas molecules and the size of the gas molecules cannot be ignored, so the formula tries to express them as accurately as possible by taking them into account.

This is an equation of the form, known as the virial equation. Here, B , C , ... are functions of temperature T only, and are called the second, third, ... virial coefficients. Normally, B is negative at low temperatures, increases and becomes positive as the temperature rises, passes a maximum, and then slowly decreases at higher temperatures, and the temperature at which B = 0 is called the Boyle temperature. An even simpler approximation equation that is well known is the van der Waals equation of state,

Here, a and b are constants related to the intermolecular forces of attraction and the size of the molecules, respectively, and are determined for each gas.

If P , V , and T are plotted on the Cartesian coordinate axes, the equation of state can be expressed as a single curved surface, but more commonly, one variable is kept constant and the relationship between the other two is plotted on a plane. A plot of the relationship between P and V with T kept constant is called an isotherm. By plotting isotherms for many temperatures, the relationship between P , V , and T can be shown in detail.

[Kenichi Hirano]

[References] | Gas constant | Van der Waals equation of state | Intermolecular forces | Boyle-Charles law | Molar | Ideal gas

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

圧力、温度、体積を三つの変数として物体の状態を表す式。状態式ともいう。したがって気体、液体、固体のそれぞれについて状態式があるが、通常は気体の場合が多く、そのなかでも理想気体の状態式PVnRTがよく知られている。ここにPVTはそれぞれ圧力、体積、温度を、nはモル数、Rは気体定数を示す。普通はn=1すなわち1モルの式を状態式ということが多い。ボイル‐シャルルの法則(ボイル‐ゲイ・リュサックの法則)から導かれる式である。実際に存在する気体については、分子がある大きさをもっていることや、分子間の引力や反発力があるために、理想気体のような簡単な式では表せず、適当な補正項を加えなければならない。補正項に関しては数多くの人々が条件に応じて経験的あるいは理論的に考え、多くの関係式がみいだされているが、そのなかでもオランダの物理学者ファン・デル・ワールスの状態方程式がもっともよく知られている。

[戸田源治郎・中原勝儼]

 実際の気体では気体分子間に作用しあっている力や気体分子の大きさを無視することができないので、それらを考慮してなるべく正確に表そうとしたのが

の形の式であり、ビリアルの式とよばれている。ここでBC、……は温度Tのみの関数であり、第2、第3、……ビリアル係数とよばれる。通常、Bは低温では負、温度が上がると増加して正となり、極大を経てさらに高温になるとゆっくり減少するものであり、B=0となる温度はボイル温度とよばれる。もっと簡単な近似式としてよく知られているのはファン・デル・ワールスの状態方程式であり、

と書かれる。ここでaおよびbはそれぞれ分子間引力および分子の大きさに関係した定数であり、それぞれの気体について定まるものである。

 PVTをそれぞれ直角座標軸にとれば、状態方程式は一つの曲面で表されるが、普通は一つの変数を一定とし、他の二つの間の関係を平面上に示す方法がとられる。Tを一定としてPVの関係を描いたものは等温曲線とよばれる。多くの温度に対する等温曲線を描けば、PVTの間の関係を詳しく示すことができる。

[平野賢一]

[参照項目] | 気体定数 | ファン・デル・ワールスの状態方程式 | 分子間力 | ボイル‐シャルルの法則 | モル | 理想気体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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