Matchlock gun - Hinawaju (English spelling)

Japanese: 火縄銃 - ひなわじゅう(英語表記)matchlock gun
Matchlock gun - Hinawaju (English spelling)

A gun that ignites gunpowder using a matchlock ignition device invented in Europe in the late 15th century. Black powder and a bullet are loaded into the muzzle, and the tip of the matchlock is placed on the ignition powder placed in the ignition hole at the rear of the barrel to ignite and fire. Matchlock guns were introduced to Japan by Portuguese who were shipwrecked on Tanegashima in 1543 (Tenbun 12). The caliber of a matchlock gun is indicated by the weight and diameter of the lead ball, with the three-momme barrel (12.3 mm caliber), six-momme barrel (15.8 mm caliber), and ten-momme barrel (18.7 mm caliber) being the most common. With a barrel length of one meter, the effective range is 150 meters. The maximum range can reach 1,000 meters. The firing speed is about one shot per minute, but the accuracy is such that the shots can be concentrated in a circle with a diameter of five centimeters at 30 meters. As an example of its use in battle, the effectiveness of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces in the Battle of Nagashino (1575) is known to have brought about a major revolution in traditional tactics. After the introduction of matchlock guns to Japan from Tanegashima, they were manufactured throughout the country and continued to be manufactured until the end of the Edo period.

[Yoshio Kobashi]

Structure of a matchlock gun (engine)
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of a matchlock gun (engine)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

15世紀後半にヨーロッパで発明された火縄式点火機によって火薬に点火させる銃。銃口から黒色火薬と弾丸を込め、銃身の後方にある火門孔に置いた点火薬に火縄の先をつけて点火・発射させる。日本には1543年(天文12)種子島(たねがしま)に漂着したポルトガル人によって伝えられた。火縄銃の口径は、重さが定められた鉛の球弾の重量とその直径で表示され、三匁筒(もんめづつ)(口径12.3ミリ)、六匁筒(口径15.8ミリ)、十匁筒(口径18.7ミリ)が一般的である。銃身長1メートルでの有効射程150メートル。最大射程は1000メートルに達する。発砲の速度は1分間に1発程度であるが、命中精度としては30メートルで直径5センチの円的に集中させることも可能である。戦闘に用いられた例としては、長篠(ながしの)の戦い(1575)における織田(おだ)・徳川連合軍の鉄砲による効果が旧来の戦術に大きな変革をもたらしたことで知られている。日本における火縄銃は種子島伝来以降、全国で製造が行われ、江戸時代末期まで続けられた。

[小橋良夫]

火縄銃の構造(機関部)
©Shogakukan">

火縄銃の構造(機関部)


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