Generally, when light is incident on a material, a change in the refractive index and other reactions (effects) appear that are proportional (linear) to the amplitude of the light. However, when the intensity (amplitude) of the incident light is large, higher-order (nonlinear, deviating from a proportional relationship) effects appear that are equal to or greater than the square (quadratic) or cube (cubic) of the amplitude of the incident light. These are called nonlinear effects. The field of optics that deals with such nonlinear effects is called nonlinear optics. Nonlinear effects have attracted attention with the emergence of lasers, which emit high-intensity light. Nonlinear effects are also the quantum mechanical equivalent of the interaction between light and a medium, and are applied in a variety of situations. Nonlinear optical phenomena include the following: (1) Optical harmonic generation: A phenomenon that occurs when the incident wavelength is halved (second order) or reduced to one-third (third order). It has been put to practical use as a second harmonic generator (SHG) that converts infrared laser light into green laser light. (2) Optical mixing: Two incident lights of different frequencies are mixed to generate the sum or difference of the two light frequencies. This is used for wavelength conversion of laser light. (3) Optical parametric effect: The phenomenon in which the sum of the frequencies of two emitted lights is equal to the frequency of the incident light. It is used as stimulated Raman scattering for wavelength conversion, etc. (4) Electric field dependent refractive index change Electro-optical effects such as the Pockels effect and the Kerr effect. This is a phenomenon in which the refractive index changes depending on the strength of the applied electric field, and is used as an optical shutter or light intensity modulator. (5) Nonlinear refractive index change: A phenomenon in which the refractive index changes with incident light. When the transmitted light intensity depends on the history of the incident light intensity, it is used as an optical bistability switch. There is also a lens effect due to the self-focusing of laser light. There are also a variety of other phenomena, such as phase conjugate mirrors (which reflect light with the same phase as the incident light) using four-wave mixing, and optical solitons, which are optical pulses whose shape is not easily distorted. [Masashi Yamamoto] [Reference] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に、光が物質に入射したときに、光の振幅に比例(線形)した反応(効果)として屈折率の変化などが現れる。しかし、入射光の強度(振幅)が大きい場合、入射光振幅の2乗(二次)または3乗(三次)以上の高次(比例関係からずれた非線形)の効果が現れ、それらを非線形効果とよぶ。このような非線形効果を扱う光学分野を非線形光学とよぶ。光の強度が大きいレーザーの出現により、非線形効果が注目されるようになった。非線形効果は光と媒質の相互作用の量子力学的対応でもあり、さまざまな場面に応用されている。 非線形光学現象としては以下のものがある。 (1)光高調波発生 入射波長を半分(第二次)または3分の1(第三次)にして発生する現象。赤外波長のレーザー光を緑色のレーザー光にする第二次高調波発生器(SHG:Second Harmonic Generator)として実用化されている。 (2)光混合 入射する異なる二つの周波数の光を混合して二つの光の周波数の和や差を発生させる。レーザ光の波長変換に利用されている。 (3)光パラメトリック効果 放出される二つの光の周波数の和が入射光の周波数に等しくなる現象。波長変換などで誘導ラマン散乱として利用されている。 (4)電場依存屈折率変化 ポッケルス効果やカー効果などの電気光学効果。かける電場の強度によって屈折率が変化する現象で、光シャッターや光強度変調器として利用されている。 (5)非線形屈折率変化 入射光により屈折率が変化する現象。透過光強度が入射光強度の履歴に依存する場合は光双安定性スイッチとして利用される。レーザー光の自己集束によるレンズ効果もある。 その他に4光波混合による位相共役鏡(入射光と同じ位相の光を反射する)や、光パルスの形状が崩れにくい光ソリトンなど多様な現象がある。 [山本将史] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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