Pissarro, Camille

Japanese: ピサロ（英語表記）Pissarro, Camille

Born July 10, 1830 in St. Thomas, Danish West Indies.
[Died] November 13, 1903. Paris, France. French Impressionist painter. Full name Jacob-Abraham-Camille Pissarro. Born in the Danish West Indies, now the U.S. Virgin Islands, he moved to Paris in 1855 and lived in France until his death, but maintained Danish nationality throughout his life. He studied under Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet. He eventually formed friendships with Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Paul Cézanne, and was influenced by Jean-François Millet in an attempt to create a new way of expressing nature. He fled to England during the Franco-Prussian War, but returned to the United States in 1871 and settled in the suburbs of Paris. He exhibited at the First Impressionist Exhibition in 1874 through the Eighth Impressionist Exhibition, becoming a representative Impressionist painter. In 1886, he left Impressionism and turned to the Neo-Impressionist style under the influence of Georges Seurat, adopting the theories of Divisionism and the techniques of Pointillism, but later returned to his own style. His major works include "A Road to Louveciennes" (1870, Musee d'Orsay), "Entrance to the Village of Voisins" (1872, Musee d'Orsay), "Red Roofs" (1877, Musee d'Orsay), "Young Peasant Woman Drinking Café au Lait" (1881, Art Institute of Chicago), and "Rue Montmartre" (1897, Hermitage Museum).

Pissarro
Pizarro, Francisco

Born: 1475, Trujillo
[Died] June 26, 1541, Lima Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Inca Empire. In 1510, he joined A. Ojeda's Latin American expedition, and accompanied V. Balboa on his discovery of the Pacific Ocean. In 1522, he cooperated with H. Luque and D. Almagro to explore the west coast of Latin America from Panama, and confirmed the existence of the Inca Empire in Peru. In 1528, he returned to Spain and persuaded King Carlos I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) to negotiate the conquest of the Inca. He and his subordinates were made nobles, and in 1530, he returned to Panama. In 1531, he set off for Peru with 185 soldiers, 37 horses, and three ships. In 1532, he captured Emperor Atahualpa, executed him the following year, and destroyed the Inca Empire. In 1535, he established the capital Lima and took control of all of Peru. However, he came into conflict with Almagro, and in the civil war of 1937-38 he defeated Almagro and executed him, but was later assassinated by his remnants.

Pissarro
Pizarro, Gonzalo

[Born] 1502? Trujillo
Died: April 10, 1548. Cusco. Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Inca Empire. Half-brother of F. Pizarro, who conquered Peru, he conquered the Inca Empire with his brother in 1531, and became governor of Quito in 1539. After exploring the Amazon River basin from Quito across the Andes in 1541-42, he learned that his brother had been assassinated and that he had been relieved of his position as governor. When the new viceroy took office in 1544, he rebelled and won the Battle of Anakito in 1546, executing the viceroy. However, he was defeated by Bishop P. de la Gasca, who was part of the viceroy's army, and was executed in 1548.

Pissarro
Pizarro, Hernando

[Born] Around 1504
[Died] c.1578 Spanish explorer and conquistador. Half-brother of F. Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. In 1531, he traveled from Spain to Peru, where he conquered the Inca Empire with his brother. He returned to Peru once, but traveled back to Peru, and in 1536, he defended Cusco against the Inca who had rebelled. The following year, he was captured by the Spanish conqueror D. Almagro, who attacked Cusco, but after his release, he attacked Almagro in return, and in 1538, he was captured and executed. As a result of this incident, he was imprisoned in Peru for 20 years from 1540 by order of the king.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1830.7.10. デンマーク領西インド諸島，セントトマス島
[没]1903.11.13. フランス，パリ
フランス印象派の画家。フルネーム Jacob-Abraham-Camille Pissarro。デンマーク領西インド諸島，今日のアメリカ合衆国領バージン諸島に生まれ，1855年パリに出て没年までフランスで暮らしたが，生涯デンマーク国籍で通した。ジャン＝バティスト・カミーユ・コロー，ギュスターブ・クールベに師事。やがてクロード・モネ，ピエール・オーギュスト・ルノアール，ポール・セザンヌらと親交を結び，ジャン・フランソア・ミレーの影響を受けて新しい自然表現を目指した。普仏戦争中はイギリスに逃れたが 1871年帰国し，パリ郊外に定住。1874年の第1回印象派展覧会から最後の第8回展まで出品し，印象派の代表的画家となった。1886年印象主義とも分かれ，ジョルジュ・スーラの影響を受けて新印象主義の画風に転じ，分割主義の理論や点描主義の技法を採用したが，のち独自の様式に戻った。主要作品は『ルーブシエンヌの道』（1870，オルセー美術館），『ボワザン村の入口』（1872，同），『赤い屋根』（1877，同），『カフェ・オ・レを飲む若い農婦』（1881，シカゴ美術館），『モンマルトル通り』（1897，エルミタージュ美術館）など。

ピサロ
Pizarro， Francisco

[生]1475頃.トルヒリョ
[没]1541.6.26. リマ
スペインの探検家，インカ帝国征服者。 1510年 A.オヘダのラテンアメリカ遠征隊に加わり，さらに V.バルボアの太平洋発見に同行。 22年に H.ルケ，D.アルマグロと協力し，パナマよりラテンアメリカ西海岸の探検を試み，ペルーのインカ帝国の存在を確認，28年一度帰国して国王カルロス1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝カルル5世 ) を説得し，インカ征服の交渉に成功，部下とともに貴族に列せられ，30年パナマに戻り，31年 185人の兵，37頭の馬，船3隻を率いてペルーに出発。 32年皇帝アタワルパを捕えて翌年処刑し，インカ帝国を滅ぼした。 35年には首都リマを建設し全ペルーを支配した。しかしアルマグロと対立，37～38年の内戦でアルマグロを破り処刑したが，のちにその残党に暗殺された。

ピサロ
Pizarro， Gonzalo

[生]1502?　トルヒリョ
[没]1548.4.10. クスコ
スペインの探検家，インカ帝国征服者。ペルーを征服した F.ピサロの異母弟で，1531年兄とともにインカ帝国を征服，39年にキトの総督となった。 41～42年キトからアンデス山脈を越えてアマゾン川流域を探検後，兄の暗殺と総督の任を解かれたことを知った。 44年新副王着任の際に，反乱を起して 46年のアナキトの戦いに勝ち副王を処刑。しかし 48年に副王軍の P.デ・ラ・ガスカ司教に敗れ処刑された。

ピサロ
Pizarro， Hernando

[生]1504頃
[没]1578頃
スペインの探検家，征服者。ペルーのインカ帝国を征服した F.ピサロの異母弟。 1531年スペインからペルーに渡り，兄とともにインカ帝国を征服。一度本国に戻ったが再びペルーに渡り，36年反乱を起したインカからクスコを防衛した。翌年クスコを攻めたスペイン人征服者 D.アルマグロの捕虜となったが，釈放後，逆に彼を攻め，38年捕えてこれを処刑した。この事件のため 40年から 20年間本国で王の命令により監禁生活をおくった。

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