Emergency Order - Emergency Order

Japanese: 緊急命令 - きんきゅうめいれい
Emergency Order - Emergency Order

Under a parliamentary system, an order is issued by the executive branch in lieu of a law when there is an urgent need to decide on a matter that would normally be decided by the Diet. This system was widely used in constitutions under the German constitutional monarchy from the 19th century onwards. In Japan, it was recognized as an emergency imperial ordinance in Article 8 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. When the Imperial Diet was not in session, the Emperor could issue an imperial ordinance in lieu of a law in case of an urgent need to maintain public safety or avoid disaster. This emergency imperial ordinance was to be submitted to the next Imperial Diet, and if the Diet did not consent, it would lose its effect. The Constitution of Japan does not recognize emergency orders, and Article 54 simply stipulates that when the House of Representatives is dissolved and there is an urgent need for the country, the Cabinet may call for an emergency session of the House of Councillors. Measures taken in this emergency session will lose their effect if the consent of the House of Representatives is not obtained within 10 days after the opening of the next Diet.

[Shigeyoshi Murakami]

Labor Law

Under the Labor Union Law, if an employer files a lawsuit to have the Labor Relations Commission's order to remedy unfair labor practices redressed, the court in question will issue an order to comply with all or part of the order until the judgment is finalized. This order is issued by the court in question by decision at the request of the Labor Relations Commission (Article 27-20). Employers who violate the order will be punished (Article 32). This order system was established because if an employer files an administrative lawsuit, the finalization of the order will be delayed, making it impossible to achieve the purpose of the unfair labor practice system, which is to quickly eliminate the infringement of the right to organize.

[Hiroshi Murashita and Mikio Yoshida]

[References] | Relief Orders | Unfair Labor Practices | Labor Union Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

議会制度のもとで、本来ならば議会が法律で定めるべき事項について、緊急の必要がある場合に、法律にかわるものとして行政府が発する命令。19世紀以降、ドイツの立憲君主制下の憲法で広く行われた制度である。日本では、大日本帝国憲法第8条で緊急勅令として認められていた。帝国議会の閉会中、天皇は、公共の安全を保持し、またはその災厄を避けるために、緊急の必要がある場合に、法律にかわる勅令を発することができた。この緊急勅令は、次の帝国議会に提出され、議会が承諾しないときは効力を失うとされた。日本国憲法では、緊急命令を認めず、第54条で、衆議院の解散中に、国に緊急の必要があるときは、内閣は参議院の緊急集会を求めることができると定めているだけである。この緊急集会でとられた措置は、次の国会の開会後10日以内に衆議院の同意を得られなければ効力を失うとされている。

[村上重良]

労働法

労働組合法では、使用者が労働委員会の不当労働行為救済命令に対して当該命令の取消しの訴えを提起した場合、判決確定に至るまで当該命令の全部または一部に従うべき旨を、受訴裁判所が発する命令のこと。この命令は、受訴裁判所が当該労働委員会の申立てにより、決定をもって行う(27条の20)。使用者の命令違反行為は処罰される(32条)。使用者が行政訴訟を提起すると救済命令の確定が遅れ、団結権侵害状況を迅速に除去するという不当労働行為制度の趣旨が実現できないため、この命令制度が設けられた。

[村下 博・吉田美喜夫]

[参照項目] | 救済命令 | 不当労働行為 | 労働組合法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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