Suspect - Higisha

Japanese: 被疑者 - ひぎしゃ
Suspect - Higisha

A natural or legal person who is under investigation but has not yet been indicted. When necessary for the investigation of a crime, a public prosecutor, a public prosecutor's assistant officer, or a judicial police officer may request the appearance of a suspect and interrogate him/her. However, a suspect may refuse to appear or leave at any time after appearing, except when he/she has been arrested or detained (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 198, Paragraph 1). During this interrogation, a suspect must be informed in advance that he/she does not have to make a statement against his/her will (right to refuse to make a statement, same code, Article 198, Paragraph 2). On the other hand, a suspect may appoint a defense lawyer at any time (right to request a defense lawyer, same code, Article 30, Paragraph 1). A public defender for a suspect may be appointed at the request of the suspect or at the discretion of the court. In the case where a warrant of detention has been issued for a suspect and the suspect is unable to appoint a defense attorney due to poverty or other reasons, the judge must assign a defense attorney to the suspect upon the suspect's request (Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the same law). Prior to the 2016 amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure, cases in which the appointment of a state-appointed defense attorney could be requested were limited to cases involving the death penalty or life imprisonment or imprisonment for a maximum term of three years or more, but the amendment removed this limitation, and the appointment of a state-appointed defense attorney can now be requested for all cases under certain conditions. In the case of a suspect who is suspected of having difficulty in determining whether or not he or she needs a defense attorney due to mental disability or other reasons, the judge appoints a defense attorney on his or her own initiative when he or she deems it necessary (Article 37-4 of the same law). At the request of a defense attorney or a person who can appoint a defense attorney, a person may meet with a person who is planning to become a defense attorney without a witness present (right to interview, Article 39, paragraph 1 of the same law, but see Article 39, paragraph 3 of the same law). In addition, a right to request the preservation of evidence is recognized (Article 179 of the same law).

[Ichiro Uchida and Morikazu Taguchi, April 18, 2018]

[References] | Right to refuse to make a statement | Preservation of evidence | Right to meet with and communicate with the public | Right to represent oneself | Attorney

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

捜査を受けていて、いまだ公訴を提起されていない自然人または法人をいう。検察官、検察事務官または司法警察職員は、犯罪の捜査をするについて必要があるときは、被疑者の出頭を求め、これを取り調べることができる。ただし、被疑者は、逮捕または勾留(こうりゅう)されている場合を除いては、出頭を拒み、または出頭後いつでも退去することができる(刑事訴訟法198条1項)。この取調べに際しては、被疑者に対し、あらかじめ、自己の意思に反して供述をする必要がない旨を告げなければならない(供述拒否権、同法198条2項)。他方、被疑者は、いつでも弁護人を選任することができる(弁護人依頼権、同法30条1項)。被疑者の国選弁護人は、被疑者の請求によって選任される場合と裁判所の職権によって選任される場合とがある。請求による選任は、被疑者に対して勾留状が発せられている場合において、被疑者が貧困その他の事由により弁護人を選任することができないとき、裁判官が、その請求により被疑者のため弁護人を付さなければならない(同法37条の2第1項)。2016年(平成28)の刑事訴訟法改正以前は、国選弁護人の選任を請求できる事件が死刑または無期もしくは長期3年以上の懲役もしくは禁錮にあたる事件に限られていたが、上記法改正によりこの限定がなくなり、すべての事件について一定要件の下で国選弁護人の選任を請求することができることとなった。職権による選任は、裁判官が、精神上の障害その他の事由により弁護人を必要とするかどうかを判断することが困難である疑いがある被疑者について、必要があると認めるときは、職権で弁護人を付することによってなされる(同法37条の4)。弁護人または弁護人を選任することができる者の依頼により弁護人となろうとする者と立会人なくして接見することができる(接見交通権、同法39条1項、ただし同法39条3項参照)。また、証拠保全請求権も認められている(同法179条)。

[内田一郎・田口守一 2018年4月18日]

[参照項目] | 供述拒否権 | 証拠保全 | 接見交通権 | 弁護権 | 弁護人

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