Sales management - Hanbaikanri (English) sales management

Japanese: 販売管理 - はんばいかんり(英語表記)sales management
Sales management - Hanbaikanri (English) sales management

A field of corporate business management, it refers to a system of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling measures for effectively selling manufactured products. Sales management is not the sales activity itself, but the measures to make sales activity effective. Sales activities, an operation, are typically carried out by salespeople. For this reason, early sales management began with salesperson management, and this is still the term used for sales management in the narrow sense today. Salesperson management involves creating sales plans and sales budgets based on sales forecasts, allocating them to salespeople, understanding sales performance, analyzing differences between the plan and performance, and taking necessary measures (such as revising the plan, encouraging salespeople, allocating additional personnel and resources, and reviewing allocations).

However, this type of salesperson management alone cannot achieve sufficient results in sales activities. The fundamental reason is that, based on the product life cycle, it is not enough to simply sell existing products, but it is necessary to actively develop products that customers want and sell products that have a high chance of selling. For this, market research and product development are necessary, and sales management that adds these has become characterized as one that works on the market or customers while creating new demand quantitatively and qualitatively. Mass production and mass sales have also changed the sales form from individual salesperson sales to organizational sales. This is a matter of setting up distribution channels that suit the product, and also a matter of selecting a sales method (general sales, consignment sales, mail order sales, installment sales, door-to-door sales, etc.). In addition, the information and service industries have added the problem of quickly collecting, analyzing, and using pre- and post-event information on markets and sales, and the improvement and enhancement of service networks. Furthermore, the diversification of customers requires a wide range of products and a more flexible pricing policy. Competition is shifting its focus from price competition to non-price competition, which requires strengthening sales promotion. In addition to advertising, corporate advertising and PR centered on CI (corporate identity) are essential to secure long-term customers.

Modern sales management, which has thus added a wide range of content, is fundamentally different in nature from the early sales management as salesperson management, and is therefore called marketing management or simply marketing. While the former was the management of the sales department, the latter is related to the entire business and manages market activities from a long-term perspective.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

企業における経営管理の一分野で、生産された製品の販売を効果的に行うための計画、組織、調整、統制の諸施策の体系をいう。販売管理は販売活動そのものではなく、販売活動を効果的なものにする措置である。販売活動というオペレーションは、典型的には販売員によって遂行される。このため初期の販売管理は販売員管理から始まり、現在でも狭義の販売管理はこれである。販売員管理は、販売予測に基づいて販売計画と販売予算を作成し、それを販売員に割り当て、販売実績を掌握し、計画と実績の差異を分析して必要な措置(計画の修正、販売員の激励、追加人員・資源の投入、割当ての見直しなど)をとることを内容とする。

 しかし、このような販売員管理だけでは販売活動の十分な効果をあげることはできない。その根本的理由は、製品のライフ・サイクルから既存製品を販売するだけでは不十分であり、顧客の求める製品を積極的に開発し、売れる可能性の高い製品を販売しなければならないことにある。このためには市場調査や製品開発を加える必要があり、これらを加えた販売管理は、量的・質的に新しい需要を創造しながら市場ないし顧客に働きかける性格をもつようになった。また大量生産・大量販売は、販売員の個人プレーによる販売から組織販売へと販売形態を変えた。それは製品に適合した流通経路の設定の問題であり、また販売方式(一般販売、委託販売、通信販売、割賦販売、訪問販売など)の選択の問題でもある。また情報化やサービス化は、市場や販売に関する事前・事後の情報の敏速な収集と解析・利用、サービス網の整備充実の問題をも加えることになった。さらに顧客の多様化は、品揃(しなぞろ)えと価格政策の弾力化を必要とするようになる。競争は価格競争から非価格競争へと重点を移していくが、それは販売促進の強化を求める。広告はもとより、長期的に顧客を確保するための企業広告やCI(corporate identity 企業の統合的イメージ)を中心にしたPRが不可欠となる。

 このように多彩な内容の付加された現代の販売管理は、初期の販売員管理としての販売管理と基本的に性格を異にし、そのためマーケティング・マネジメントmarketing managementもしくは単にマーケティングとよばれる。前者は販売部門の管理であったのに対し、後者は経営の全体に関係し、対市場活動を長期的視点から管理するものになっている。

[森本三男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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