A general term for lasers made of semiconductors. When electrons excited to the conduction band of a semiconductor recombine with holes in the valence band, spontaneous emission is generally observed, and light is emitted by this phenomenon in light-emitting diodes. However, under certain conditions, stimulated emission by electron-hole recombination can be produced that is stronger than spontaneous emission or absorption, and this phenomenon is used in semiconductor lasers. The wavelength of the light obtained is determined by the semiconductor material, and is roughly equivalent to the width of the forbidden band. Methods for producing stimulated emission, or laser oscillation, include injecting minority carriers by applying a forward voltage to a pn junction (injection laser), and exciting minority carriers by directly irradiating a semiconductor crystal with strong light or an electron beam. In either case, the pair of crystal faces are particularly parallel and smooth, and the light emitted inside is strengthened and amplified by the stimulated emission phenomenon as it reflects and travels back and forth between these parallel faces, and only the light that resonates with the cavity created by the parallel faces is selectively emitted to the outside. Semiconductor lasers, especially injection lasers, are small and highly efficient, and have the advantage that the oscillation wavelength can be selected by changing the material. Recently, with the development of double heterostructure injection lasers, continuous oscillation at room temperature has been put to practical use, and they are being applied as an important light source for future optical communications. In general, they are inferior to gas, liquid, and solid lasers in terms of spectral width and directivity, and have small output. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
半導体を素材とするレーザーの総称。半導体の伝導帯に励起された電子が価電子帯の正孔と再結合するとき一般に自然放出 spontaneous emissionによる発光が観測され,これを利用したものが発光ダイオードである。しかしある条件のもとで電子・正孔再結合の誘導放出 induced emissionを自然放出や吸収より強く生じさせることができ,これを利用したものが半導体レーザーである。得られる光の波長は半導体材料によって決り,ほぼ禁制帯の幅に相当する。誘導放出すなわちレーザー発振を生じさせる方法としてはp-n接合に順方向電圧を印加して少数キャリアを注入する方法 (注入型レーザー ) や半導体結晶に直接強い光や電子線を照射して少数キャリアを励起する方法などがある。いずれの場合も結晶の1対の面は特に平行平滑に仕上げられており,内部で発光した光がこの平行な面で反射往復する間に誘導放出現象により発光が強められて増幅され,平行面のつくるキャビティ (空洞) に共振した光のみが選択的に外部に放射される。半導体レーザー,特に注入型レーザーは小型,高能率であり,材料を変えることによって発振波長を選択できるなどの特徴がある。最近ではダブルヘテロ構造注入型レーザーの開発により,常温で連続発振するものが実用化され,将来の光通信用光源の重要なにない手として応用されつつある。一般に気体・液体・固体レーザーに比ベてスペクトル幅や指向性に劣り,出力も小さい。
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