This refers to the circulation of blood within an animal's body. In vertebrates with a closed circulatory system, in invertebrates such as annelids and nematodes, and in mollusks such as cephalopods, blood remains within the blood vessels, and plasma and lymphocytes that seep out of the capillaries become tissue fluid (tissue fluid and lymph in vertebrates). On the other hand, arthropods and mollusks other than cephalopods do not have capillaries in their open circulatory systems, and blood flows between tissues (hemocoel). In this case, there is no distinction between blood and tissue fluid, and blood is called hemolymph. In primitive creatures such as earthworms and amphioxus, blood circulation is due to the pulsation of blood vessels. Arthropods have a tubular heart with several pairs of holes called ostium. The tubular heart of ascidians does not have valves, and the direction of blood flow sometimes reverses. Cephalopods and arthropods with a circulatory system that works at low pressure have an auxiliary heart. Vertebrates have two types of circulatory systems: gill-breathing, seen in fish and amphibian larvae, and pulmonary-breathing, seen in adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The pulmonary-breathing circulatory system is divided into a small circulation (pulmonary circulation) and a large circulation (systemic circulation). Birds and mammals have a heart with two ventricles and two atria, and the large and small circulations work at different blood pressures. Crocodiles also have two atria and two ventricles, but the circulatory state changes when they dive, and the partition between the large and small circulations is not complete. The heart of a gill-breathing circulatory system has one ventricle and one atrium. The amount of blood distributed to each part of the body is determined mainly by the impulse frequency of the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerves, which regulate the size of the small arteries. In animals with a placenta, the fetus has a different circulation than the adult. [Akira Murakami] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
血液が動物体内を循環することをいう。閉鎖血管系をもつ脊椎(せきつい)動物、無脊椎動物中の環形動物・紐形(ひもがた)動物・軟体動物の頭足類などでは、血液は血管内にとどまり、毛細血管より浸出した血漿(けっしょう)とリンパ球が組織液(脊椎動物では組織液とリンパ液)となる。一方、節足動物、頭足類を除く軟体動物などの開放血管系には毛細血管はなく、血液は組織の間(血体腔(たいこう))を流れる。この場合、血液と組織液の区別はなく、血液は血リンパとよばれる。血液の循環は、ミミズやナメクジウオのような原始的なものでは血管の拍動による。節足動物には、数対の心門とよばれる穴をもった管状の心臓がある。ホヤ類の管状の心臓には弁がなく、ときどき血流の方向が逆転する。低い圧力で働く循環系をもつ頭足類、節足動物などには補助心臓がある。脊椎動物の循環系には、魚類、両生類の幼生にみられるえら呼吸型と、両生類の成体と爬虫(はちゅう)類、鳥類、哺乳(ほにゅう)類にみられる肺呼吸型がある。肺呼吸型循環系は小循環(肺循環)と大循環(体循環)に分かれる。鳥類と哺乳類とは2心室2心房の心臓をもち、大循環と小循環が異なる血圧で働いている。ワニ類の心臓も2心房2心室であるが、潜水によって循環の状態が切り替わり、大循環と小循環の仕切りは完全ではない。えら呼吸型循環系の心臓は1心室1心房である。身体各部に送られる血液の分配量は、主として小動脈の太さを調節する血管収縮神経と血管拡張神経のインパルス頻度によって定まっている。 なお、胎盤のある動物では、胎児は成体とは循環のようすが異なっている。 [村上 彰] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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