A genetic phenomenon caused by genes on sex chromosomes. The sex of organisms with sex differences is determined primarily by the combination of chromosomes, but inheritance caused by genes on sex chromosomes that are common to both sexes (the X chromosome in mammals and fruit flies, and the Z chromosome in birds and silkworms) is called sex-linked inheritance, while inheritance caused by genes on chromosomes that are only present in one sex (the Y chromosome in mammals and fruit flies, and the W chromosome in birds and silkworms) is called sex-limited inheritance. Examples of sex-linked inheritance include white eyes and bar eyes in Drosophila, and in humans, congenital color blindness, hemophilia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (an enzyme present in red blood cells; a deficiency of this enzyme can cause anemia and increased sensitivity to certain drugs), and multiple peripheral vascular telangiectasia (also known as Osler's disease; due to the thin walls of peripheral blood vessels, the blood vessels swell and cause bleeding, resulting in red spots on the face, lips, tongue, etc., and bleeding in the internal organs). Hemophilia is a disease in which the blood lacks clotting factors, leading to uncontrollable bleeding even from a small wound and even death. Well-known pedigrees of hemophilia include the royal families of Europe, beginning with Queen Victoria of England. Queen Victoria, who was a heterozygous carrier of the hemophilia gene, had one son and one daughter who was also a carrier. Due to the royal custom of marrying off daughters to other countries, the hemophilia gene spread to the royal families of Europe, from Germany, Prussia, Spain, to Russia. Sex-linked genes can be dominant or recessive. In the case of dominant genes, the trait is more likely to be expressed in individuals with two sex chromosomes carrying the gene than in individuals with one. In the case of recessive genes, the gene is not expressed in individuals with two sex chromosomes carrying the gene as a heterozygote with a normal gene. Red-green color blindness, one of the color blindness disorders in humans, is caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome, and women who carry the gene as a heterozygote do not express it, which is why the phenotype is less frequent in these individuals than in men who have only one X chromosome. [Kuroda Yukiaki] "Human Genetics" by Takashi Komai (1966, Baifukan Publishing)" ▽ "Genetics , Vol. 1, by R.H. Tamarin, supervised translation by Motoo Kimura, translated by Ichiro Fukuda et al. (1988, Baifukan Publishing)" ▽ "Genetics for the 21st Century 1: Basic Genetics" edited by Yukiaki Kuroda (1995, Shokabo Publishing) [Reference] | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
性染色体にある遺伝子によっておこる遺伝現象。性の区別のある生物の雌雄は、主として染色体の組合せによって決まるが、雌雄に共通に存在する性染色体(哺乳(ほにゅう)類やショウジョウバエなどのX染色体や鳥類やカイコなどのZ染色体)上の遺伝子によっておこる遺伝をとくに伴性遺伝といい、どちらか一方の性のみにある染色体(哺乳類やショウジョウバエなどのY染色体や鳥類やカイコなどのW染色体)上の遺伝子によっておこる遺伝を限性遺伝といって区別する。 伴性遺伝の例としては、ショウジョウバエの白眼whiteや棒眼bar、ヒトでは先天性色覚異常や血友病、グルコース6-リン酸脱水素酵素欠乏症(赤血球中に存在する酵素で、この酵素を欠失すると貧血をおこしたり、ある薬品に対して感受性が大きくなる)、多発性末梢(まっしょう)血管拡張症(オスラー症ともいう。末梢血管壁が薄いため、血管がふくれて出血をおこし、顔面、唇、舌などに赤い点を生じ、内臓にも出血をおこす)などがある。 血友病は、血液の中の凝固因子がないため、小さな傷でも出血が止まらないで死亡することもある病気である。血友病のよく知られた家系は、イギリスのビクトリア女王に始まるヨーロッパの各王族の家系である。血友病遺伝子のヘテロの保因者であったビクトリア女王には、息子1人と保因者の娘があった。娘を他国へ嫁がせる王室のしきたりのために、血友病遺伝子は、ドイツ、プロシア、スペインからロシアにおよぶヨーロッパの各王室に広まった。 伴性遺伝子には優性のものと劣性のものとがあり、優性の場合には、この遺伝子が存在する性染色体を2本もつ性では、1本もつ性よりも、その形質が強く現れることが多い。劣性の場合には、この遺伝子が存在する性染色体を2本もつ性では、正常遺伝子とのヘテロ型では発現しない。ヒトの色覚異常のうち赤緑色覚異常がX染色体上の劣性遺伝子によっておこり、女性ではこの遺伝子をヘテロにもちながら発現しないため、X染色体を1本しかもたない男性よりも、表現型としての出現頻度が低いのもこのためである。 [黒田行昭] 『駒井卓著『人類の遺伝学』(1966・培風館)』▽『R・H・タマリン著、木村資生監訳、福田一郎他訳『遺伝学』上(1988・培風館)』▽『黒田行昭編著『21世紀への遺伝学1 基礎遺伝学』(1995・裳華房)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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