A type of furnace used for smelting and melting metals, in which high-temperature combustion gases are pumped into the furnace to heat the materials charged. It is named after the fact that heat is stored in the furnace ceiling and the resulting radiant heat is used. A distinctive feature of this type of furnace is that the heat source is located separately from the materials inside, so it does not matter what type of fuel it is used for. However, the direct thermal efficiency is low, so it is common to use a boiler to recover waste heat. Early reverberatory furnaces, called puddle furnaces, were used for steelmaking. In Japan, reverberatory furnaces of this type were built throughout the country at the end of the Edo period and were used to melt bronze for cannon casting. The most famous reverberatory furnace was the one built by Egawa Hidetatsu (Tarozaemon) in Nirayama, Izu (1858). The open hearth furnace was widely used around the world as a reverberatory furnace for steelmaking until the current converter furnace became the mainstream. Open hearth furnaces have regenerators filled with large amounts of bricks on both sides of the furnace, and the direction of gas flow is occasionally changed to improve thermal efficiency. The reverberatory furnaces used in copper smelting are long and have many burners lined up at one end, where the copper ore is melted and some oxidation reactions take place. The heat from the large amount of exhaust gas, which exceeds 1300°C, is recovered in a boiler as steam or electricity. The furnace ceiling is a suspended ceiling made of high-grade bricks, which allows replacement and repairs to be made while the furnace is in operation. In addition to being used for smelting, this furnace is also commonly used as a melting furnace for metals and alloys such as copper and aluminum. [Azagami Takeshi] [Reference item] |©Takashi Aoki Structure of the puddle furnace The raw materials are fed into the furnace through a charge hopper by a shuttle conveyor that travels back and forth above the furnace. The damper is used to control the force of the smoke in the flue. © Takashi Aoki "> Structure of a copper smelting reverberatory furnace This reverberatory furnace was built in Nirayama by Izu magistrate Egawa Hidetatsu at the end of the Edo period to cast cannons. The heat from the furnace was reflected by the arched ceiling of firebricks to melt the iron. The chimney is 16m high. It is the only reverberatory furnace in Japan that remains almost intact. Nationally designated historic site Part of the World Heritage Site "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding, and Coal Mining" (registered in 2015) Izunokuni City, Shizuoka Prefecture © Shizuoka Prefecture Tourism Association "> Nirayama Reverberatory Furnace Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
金属の製錬や溶融に用いる炉の一種で、高温の燃焼ガスなどを炉内に送り装入物を加熱する。炉天井に蓄熱してその輻射(ふくしゃ)熱を利用するところからこの名がある。その特徴は、熱源が内容物と別の場所にあるため、燃料の種類を問わないことで、反面、直接熱効率は低く、ボイラーによる廃熱回収を行うのが通例である。 パドル炉とよばれる初期の反射炉は、製鋼用として用いられた。日本でも江戸末期各地につくられた反射炉はこの型のもので、大砲鋳造用の青銅を溶解するのに用いられた。江川英龍(ひでたつ)(太郎左衛門)が伊豆韮山(にらやま)に建設した(1858)反射炉がもっとも有名である。 製鋼用反射炉としては、現在の転炉が主力となるまで世界中で広く用いられた平炉がある。平炉は、炉の両側に大量のれんがを積んだ蓄熱室をもち、ガスの流れ方向をときどき切り換えて熱効率の向上を図っている。 銅製錬で用いる反射炉は、長大な炉の一端には数多くのバーナーを並べ、銅鉱石を溶融するとともに一部酸化反応も行う。1300℃を超える大量の排ガスの熱は、ボイラーで蒸気あるいは電力として回収される。炉天井は高級れんがの吊天井(つりてんじょう)としてあり、操業しながら交換、修理が可能である。 このような製錬用のほか、銅、アルミニウムなど金属・合金の溶融炉としてもよく用いられる炉である。 [阿座上竹四] [参照項目] |©青木 隆"> パドル炉の構造 炉上を往復するシャトルコンベヤーによって、原料がチャージホッパーを通して炉内に供給される。ダンパーは、煙道の煙の勢いを制御するためのもの©青木 隆"> 銅製錬用反射炉の構造 江戸時代末期、伊豆代官江川英龍が大砲鋳造のため韮山に建設した反射炉。耐火れんがをアーチ形に組んだ天井に炉の熱を反射させて鉄を溶かした。煙突の高さは16m。ほぼ完全な形で残る日本唯一の反射炉の遺構である。国指定史跡 世界文化遺産「明治日本の産業革命遺産 製鉄・製鋼、造船、石炭産業」の一部(2015年登録) 静岡県伊豆の国市©静岡県観光協会"> 韮山反射炉 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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