Enrico Barone

Italian economist and military scholar. Born in Naples, he graduated from the Naples Military Academy and became a captain attached to the General Staff in 1886. After his debut work, "The Art of Warfare" (1882), he wrote many papers on military science. In 1894, he became an instructor at the Superior War School in Turin as a major, but he had already been in contact with two of Italy's greatest economists at the time, Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857-1924) and V. Pareto, and began publishing papers and books on economics that same year. Among his papers, "Studies on Distribution," published in the Giornale degli economisti (Economic Journal) in 1896, attracted attention as an original development of the theory of marginal productivity, separate from that of L. Walras, A. Marshall, and J.B. Clark.

He continued to produce outstanding works in the field of military science, and in 1902 he returned to the General Staff, but during this time he continued to study economics, eventually retiring four years later at the rank of colonel to dedicate himself to economics. In 1908, he published his famous paper "Ministry of Production in a Collective State" in the Journal of Economics, which made his name immortal in the history of economics. In this paper, he used a Walras-Pareto type general equilibrium system to mathematically prove that even in a society where the means of production are socially owned, it is possible for a "Ministry of Production" (a central planning bureau) to set calculated prices for goods and services and thus perform the same function as prices in a market economy, and thus demonstrate the possibility of rational resource allocation in a socialist economy. This essay was highly praised in the 1930s during the debate between L. E. Mises, F. A. Hayek, and O. Lange over the possibility or impossibility of economic calculation in a socialist economy, and was included in an English translation in Collectivist Economic Planning (1938), a book edited by Hayek, who took the opposite position to Barone, and was subsequently published in various languages.

[Onoue Hisao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

イタリアの経済学者、軍事学者。ナポリに生まれ、陸軍士官学校卒業後1886年参謀本部付大尉。処女作「大軍作戦法」（1882）に続き軍事科学の論文多数を著す。1894年には少佐としてトリノの高等戦争学校の教官となったが、すでに当時イタリア最大の経済学者M・パンタレオーニMaffeo Pantaleoni（1857―1924）、V・パレートの2人と交流をもち、同年より経済学の論文、著書を発表し始めた。それらの論文のなかで、1896年に『経済学雑誌』Giornale degli economistiに発表された「分配に関する研究」は、L・ワルラス、A・マーシャル、J・B・クラークとは別個に独自の限界生産力説を展開したものとして注目された。

　彼はその後も軍事科学の分野でも優れた労作を出し、1902年に参謀本部に復帰したが、この間経済学の研究も続け、4年後大佐のときついに退官し、経済学に専念する。1908年『経済学雑誌』に、経済学史上彼の名を不滅のものとした有名な論文「集産国家における生産省」が発表された。この論文において彼は、ワルラス‐パレート型の一般均衡論体系を用いて、生産手段が社会的に所有されている社会においても「生産省」（中央計画局）が財やサービスに計算価格を設定することによって市場経済における価格と同一の機能を果たさせることが可能であること、したがって社会主義経済における合理的資源配分の可能性を数学的に論証した。この論文は、1930年代に社会主義経済における経済計算の可能・不可能をめぐるL・E・ミーゼス、F・A・ハイエク、O・ランゲらの論争が展開されるなかで高い評価を受け、バローネとは逆の立場にたつハイエクによって編集された書物『集産主義者の経済計画』Collectivist Economic Planning（1938）に英訳が収められ、続いて各国語で出版された。

［尾上久雄］

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