Italian economist and sociologist. Born to an Italian aristocrat who fled to Paris. He returned to Italy at the age of 10 and studied mathematics and engineering at university. After graduation, he became an engineer and businessman, but later began studying economics. In 1893, at the age of 45, he became a professor at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland as Walras' successor, and served in that position for 15 years. Pareto's economics inherited Walras's general equilibrium theory, and in consumption theory, he developed an ordinal utility theory based on indifference curves instead of cardinal utility theory, laying the foundation for modern consumer choice theory. In terms of welfare economics, he introduced the idea of Pareto optimality to maximize the economic welfare of society, paving the way for new welfare economics. Regarding income distribution, he derived an empirical economic law that shows the degree of inequality in income distribution, called the Pareto law, based on statistical surveys. He also had a strong interest in sociology, and after retiring from the University of Lausanne, he engaged in research and writing on sociology in Geneva. His sociology not only viewed human behavior as rational, but also emphasized irrational behavior, and is therefore considered to have been the ideological source of Italian Fascism. His major works include "Lectures on Economics" (2 volumes, 1896, 1897), "Outline of Economics" (1906), and "Outline of General Sociology" (1920). [Akira Shida] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの経済学者、社会学者。パリに亡命したイタリアの貴族の子として生まれる。10歳のときイタリアに帰り、大学では数学や工学を学んだ。卒業後技師や実業家となったこともあるが、のちに経済学の研究を始め、1893年に45歳でワルラスの後継者としてスイスのローザンヌ大学教授となり、15年間在職した。パレートの経済学はワルラスの一般均衡理論を受け継ぎ、消費理論では、基数的効用理論にかわって無差別曲線に基づく序数的効用理論を展開して、現代の消費者選択理論の基礎を築き、厚生経済学の面では、社会の経済的厚生の極大化についていわゆるパレート最適性の考え方を導入し、新厚生経済学への道を開いた。また所得分布については、統計調査に基づいてパレートの法則とよばれる所得分布の不平等度を示す経験的な経済法則を導出した。社会学にも強い関心を示し、ローザンヌ大学退職後はジュネーブで社会学の研究や執筆に従事した。彼の社会学は人間行動を合理的な行動としてとらえるだけでなく、不合理な行動の面をも重視したことから、イタリア・ファシズムの思想的源流になったという評価もある。主著は『経済学講義』全2巻(1896、1897)、『経済学提要』(1906)、『一般社会学提要』(1920)など。 [志田 明] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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