An ancient Indian language. It still retains authority as the language of the original Buddhist scriptures and of the Hinayana Buddhist world in southern Southeast Asia, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand. Originally it meant the "text of the scriptures" and was the opposite of commentaries, but it has come to mean the "language of the text of the scriptures." Here, "scripture" refers, of course, to the scriptures of original Buddhism. Compared to Sanskrit, which was the elegant and cultured language of ancient India, it is a part of Prakrit, a slang and dialect, and shows a tendency towards phonological and morphological simplification compared to the former, but it is a mixture of a wide variety of elements, making it difficult to identify the language that formed its basis. Looking at the dialect distribution from the 3rd century BC found on the Ashoka inscriptions, it is closest to the dialects of western India, but it also has characteristics of eastern Magadhani, and there are also traces of partial artificiality. It is thought to have been a language that was used quite widely in northern India from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. After the 5th century, it spread beyond India to Southeast Asia, where it became the written language of Buddhist scriptures and came to encompass a vast collection of documents covering Buddhist doctrine and literature. [Hara Minoru] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代インドの言語。原始仏教聖典ならびにスリランカ、ミャンマー(ビルマ)、タイなど東南アジアの南方小乗仏教圏においては現在なお聖典語としての権威を保っている。元来「聖典本文」を意味し、注釈書に対蹠(たいせき)される概念であったが、「聖典本文の言語」の義に転化して用いられるようになった。ここに「聖典」とは、もとより原始仏教の聖典をさす。 古代インドの雅語、教養語であったサンスクリット語に対しては、俗語、方言であるプラークリット語の一環で、前者に比して音韻論的にも形態論的にも単純化の傾向を示しているが、多種多様の要素が混在していて、その基体をなした言語を特定することはむずかしい。アショカ王碑文にみえる紀元前3世紀の方言分布に徴すると、それは西部インドの方言にもっとも近いが、東部マガダ語の特徴をも備え、部分的に人為的作為の跡もみえる。前2世紀より紀元後2世紀にかけてかなり広範に北インドに通用していた言語と思われる。 5世紀以後はインドを出て東南アジアに広がり、仏典を記す文章語となり、仏教の教理、仏教文学にわたる膨大な文献を擁するに至った。 [原 實] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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