Social organization in the Philippines during the pre-Hispanic period. Islam spread in the southern part of the Philippine archipelago, the Sulu Islands, and parts of Mindanao from the 14th to the 16th centuries, and by the time Spain entered the region in the late 16th century, tribal states based on the sultanate had been established. However, in other parts of the Philippine archipelago, such as the Visayas and Luzon, no states had been established during the pre-Hispanic period, and only small chiefdoms of sorts existed. These small groups were called barangays in Tagalog, the basis of the national language of the Philippines, and today this word has become a historical term for similar small groups in other language regions as well. A barangay usually consists of 30 to 100 family units and is led by a chief called dato or magino. However, this chief was never an autocratic ruler, but merely a coordinator for the group. Below the chief were the free people called timaga, who were the core members of the barangay, and two subordinate classes. However, these classes were not permanent and were fluid, with people falling down the hierarchy due to debts or fines, or rising up the hierarchy through ransom money. [Ikebata Yukiura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
先スペイン期のフィリピンの社会組織。フィリピン諸島の南部、スル諸島やミンダナオ島の一部では、14世紀から16世紀にかけてイスラム教が普及し、16世紀後半にスペインがこの地方に進出してきたときには、スルタン制度に基づく部族国家が成立していた。しかし、ビサヤ諸島やルソン島など、フィリピン諸島のその他の地域では、先スペイン期には国家の成立はみられず、小規模な一種の首長社会が存在するのみであった。この小集団を、フィリピン国語の基礎をなすタガログ語ではバランガイとよんだことから、今日ではこのことばが、その他の言語地域についても、同種の小集団をよぶ歴史学上の用語になっている。 バランガイの規模は通常は30戸から100戸程度の単位家族で構成され、ダトあるいはマギノオなどとよばれる首長によって統率されていた。しかし、この首長はけっして専制的な支配者ではなく、あくまでも集団の取りまとめ役にすぎなかった。首長の下にはバランガイの中核的構成員である自由民ティマガと2種の従属階層が存在したが、これらの階層は永久的な身分ではなく、負債や罰金刑を契機とする階層の転落や、反対に贖(あがな)い金による階層の上昇など流動性が高かった。 [池端雪浦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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