Kharāj (English spelling)

Japanese: ハラージュ - はらーじゅ(英語表記)Kharāj
Kharāj (English spelling)

Land tax stipulated by Islamic law. It originated when the Prophet Muhammad (Mohammed) made the Jews contribute half of the harvest from their farmland. During the period of the Orthodox Caliphate (632-661), Muslims conquered and ruled over vast areas. Muslims imposed taxes on their subjects roughly the same as those imposed by the previous rulers. As more and more of the subjects converted to Islam, the problem arose of how to legalize the collection of taxes from them. The concept of land tax, which states that the tax is levied on the land itself, whether the person cultivating it is a non-Muslim or a convert, was established in the early 8th century, and this land tax came to be called haraj, and the cultivated land on which haraj was levied was called haraj land, and thus the Islamic tax law was completed.

[Akira Goto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラム法が定める土地税。預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)がユダヤ教徒の農地からの収穫の半分を貢献させたことに起源をもつ。正統カリフ時代(632~661)、イスラム教徒は広大な地域を征服し、支配した。イスラム教徒は被支配者に、おおむね旧支配者が課していたのと同程度の税を課した。被支配者のなかからイスラムに改宗する者が多くなるにつれて、彼らからの税の徴収をどう合法化するかの問題が生じた。耕す人が非イスラム教徒であれ、改宗者であれ、税は土地そのものに課せられる、という土地税の概念が8世紀初頭に確立し、その土地税をハラージュとよぶようになり、ハラージュが課せられた農耕地はハラージュ地とよばれ、ここにイスラム税法が完成した。

[後藤 明]

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