Merit system

Japanese: メリット･システム（英語表記）merit system

In the United States, this refers to a system in which the appointment and promotion of civil servants is based on professional ability, i.e., qualifications and grades. It is generally translated as a merit-based appointment system or merit-based appointment system. Since the founding of the country, the spoils system, a political practice in which civil servants were appointed based on partisan preferences, had been rampant in the United States. However, under this system, the most suitable candidates were not always appointed to civil servant positions, which created various problems. In 1883, the federal government enacted the Pendleton Act (commonly known as the Federal Civil Service Act), laying the foundation for civil servants to be hired based on their test scores (merit).

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

アメリカにおいて，公務員の任用，昇進などを専門的能力，つまり資格や成績を基準にして行う制度をいう。一般に資格任用制や成績制と訳されている。アメリカでは，建国以来公務員の任命を党派的情実によって決定する政治慣習であるスポイルズ･システム(猟官制度)がはびこっていたが，この制度の下では適任者が公務員に就任するとは限らず，種々の弊害を生み出していた。1883年，連邦政府はペンドルトン法Pendleton Act(〈連邦公務員法〉の通称)を制定し，公務員が試験の成績(メリット)によって採用される基礎を築いた。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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