The original word excommunication (Latin: excommunicatio) literally means "out of communication," that is, the cessation of communion, or exclusion from the community. It is usually used as a religious term and can take various forms, such as exclusion from the faith community, deprivation of clergy status, or prohibition from participating in religious ceremonies. Excommunication in Buddhism refers to the expulsion of a monk or nun from a religious organization or sect, or the severing of the relationship between a master and a disciple. Permanent expulsion from the Sangha is for those who have committed serious crimes such as adultery, theft, or murder, as stipulated in the "Kainhon." In Buddhism, excommunication is a means of unifying the religious organization, so emphasis is placed on maintaining a communal life and upholding moral standards, and people are not excommunicated for issues regarding the content of their individual beliefs. A typical example of excommunication is found in Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The spirit of excommunication originally had a disciplinary meaning, as can be seen in the Book of Corinthians (Chapter 5, 1-13). The Catholic Church enacted canon law regarding excommunication, which initially had a stronger corrective meaning, but in the Middle Ages it became more of a legal punishment, and a distinction was made between major and minor excommunication. This distinction has now been abolished. Historical examples include the excommunication of German King Henry IV and that of the Protestant reformer Luther. In Protestantism, the suspension of communion under the Church Discipline corresponds to excommunication. [Noriaki Akaike] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原語のexcommunication(ラテン語excommunicatio)は文字どおり「コミュニケーションの外にあること」、つまりcommunion(交わり)の停止、community(共同体)からの排除を意味する。通常宗教用語として使用され、信仰共同体からの除外、聖職者資格の剥奪(はくだつ)、宗教儀礼への参加禁止など、種々の形態がある。 仏教の破門は、比丘(びく)・比丘尼(に)を教団・宗派から追放すること、あるいは師僧が弟子との師弟関係を断つことをさす。僧伽(そうぎゃ)からの永久追放は、淫行(いんこう)・窃盗(せっとう)・殺人など重大犯罪を犯した場合で、『戒本』に定められている。仏教では破門は教団統一の手段であるから、共同生活の持続や道徳的規準の堅持に重点が置かれ、個々の信仰内容の問題で破門に付されることはない。 破門をめぐっては、キリスト教とくにローマ・カトリック教会の事例が代表的である。破門の精神はたとえば『コリント書I』(5章1~13)にあるように、元来懲戒的意味をもっている。カトリック教会では破門に関する教会法が制定され、初めは矯正的意味が強かったが、中世には法的処罰の性質が増し、大破門・小破門の区別が設けられた。現在はこの区別は廃されている。歴史上の事件としては、ドイツ王ハインリヒ4世の破門、宗教改革者ルターの破門などがある。プロテスタントでは『教会の戒規』による陪餐(ばいさん)停止が破門に該当する。 [赤池憲昭] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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