Pamir Plateau - Pamir Kogen (English spelling) Памир/Pamir

Japanese: パミール高原 - ぱみーるこうげん(英語表記)Памир/Pamir
Pamir Plateau - Pamir Kogen (English spelling) Памир/Pamir

A region consisting of mountain ranges and plateaus in southeastern Central Asia. It spans the Republic of Tajikistan, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, northern Pakistan, and northern Afghanistan. It is located at the meeting point of major mountain ranges such as the Tian Shan, Kunlun, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush, and its average elevation is nearly 5,000 meters.

The Pamir Plateau can be divided into three regions based on geography and topography. [1] The eastern Kashgar Pamirs are entirely part of China, with the highest point being Mount Kongur (7,719 meters). The mountain range forms an arc from northwest to south-southeast, with a highly undulating topography due to advanced dissection. Glaciers have developed on the summits, with the snow line at about 5,200 meters. The climate is cold and dry, with poor vegetation. [2] The Middle Pamirs (or Pamirs in the strict sense) are the region that has seen the greatest uplift since the Cenozoic era, with flat or low-relief surfaces remaining on the mountaintops and along the valleys. [3] The northwestern part is made up of the Zamaraysky Mountains (or Trans-Alay Mountains), the Peter I Mountains, the Akademie-Nauk Mountains, and others, with the highest point being Komunism Peak (7,495 meters). At an altitude of around 4000m, the annual rainfall is about 1000mm, but the valley bottom is dry. The vertical change in vegetation is remarkable. In the river valleys opening to the west, there is a semi-desert with saxaul (Chenopodiaceae) and mugwort, and on the river banks and alluvial fans there are small forests of willows and birch. At 2600m there is steppe, at 3800m there is a flower field, and at 4400m there is the snow line. There are 1085 glaciers in Tajikistan.

The geology of the Pamir Plateau is composed of Hercynian sedimentary rocks, gneiss, and intrusive rocks in the eastern and northwestern parts, while marine deposits from the Paleozoic to Mesozoic eras are distributed in the central part, forming a complex folded structure due to the Hercynian orogeny and the Alpine orogeny. In addition to the orogeny that formed the internal structure of the mountain range, crustal movements that began in the Neogene Period of the Cenozoic era have continued in this region, forming the current undulations of the mountain range, making the Pamir area one of the world's most earthquake-prone areas.

The animals include sheep, antelopes, wolves, small rodents, rooks, vultures, etc. In the west, there are also brown bears and leopards.

The Pamir Plateau has been one of the most difficult spots on the land trade route through Central Asia (the so-called Silk Road) since ancient times, and even today it is a place of cross-border trade between local ethnic minorities.

[Masaharu Tsuzawa]

[References] | Silk Road | Tajikistan

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中央アジア南東部の山脈群と高原からなる地域。タジキスタン共和国、中国新疆(しんきょう)ウイグル自治区、パキスタン北部、アフガニスタン北部にまたがる。天山山脈、崑崙(こんろん)山脈、カラコルム山脈、ヒンドゥー・クシ山脈などの大山脈の会合部にあり、平均標高は5000メートルに近い。

 パミール高原は、地理・地形の面から三地域に大別できる。〔1〕東部のカシュガル・パミールは全域が中国に属し、最高地点はコングル山(7719メートル)。山脈は北西―南南東に弧を描いており、開析が進んだ起伏の大きな地形を示している。山頂部には氷河が発達し、雪線高度は約5200メートル。気候は寒冷で乾燥しており、植生は貧しい。〔2〕中部パミール(または狭義のパミール)は、新生代以後の隆起量がパミールのなかではもっとも大きい地域で、山頂部や谷筋に沿っては、平坦(へいたん)面あるいは小起伏面が残されている。〔3〕北西部はザマライスキー山脈(またはトランス・アライ山脈)、ピョートル1世山脈、アカデミー・ナウク山脈などからなり、最高地点はコムニズム峰(7495メートル)。標高4000メートル付近で年降水量は約1000ミリとなるが、谷底は乾燥している。植生の垂直変化は著しい。西に開けた河谷では、サクサウール(アカザ科)やヨモギの生えた半砂漠、川岸や扇状地にはヤナギ、カンバ類の小林がみられる。2600メートルではステップ(短草草原)、3800メートルではお花畑、4400メートルで雪線となる。氷河はタジキスタン領内で1085条ある。

 パミール高原の地質は、東部~北西部はヘルシニア系を主体とした堆積(たいせき)岩、片麻(へんま)岩、貫入岩類などが、中部は古生代から中生代にかけての海成層が分布し、ヘルシニア造山運動、アルプス造山運動などによって複雑な褶曲(しゅうきょく)構造をなしている。またこの地域では、山脈の内部構造を形成した前記造山運動とは別に、新生代新第三紀から始まった現在の山脈の起伏を形成した地殻変動が続いており、パミール周辺は世界有数の地震多発地帯となっている。

 動物は、ヒツジ、レイヨウ、オオカミ、小形の齧歯(げっし)類、ミヤマガラス、ハゲタカ類など。西部にはヒグマ、ヒョウなどもいる。

 パミール高原は、古代から中央アジアの陸上交易ルート(いわゆるシルク・ロード)の最大の難所の一つで、現在でも地元の少数民族間での国境を越えた交易が続いている。

[津沢正晴]

[参照項目] | シルク・ロード | タジキスタン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Hamiltonian - Hamiltonian

>>:  Hamilcar Barcas

Recommend

True View

1268-1341 (Bun'ei 5-Kokoku 2/Ryakuo 4) A Ji se...

Kawasaki May Day Incident

...It was the first union affiliated with Profint...

Omaezaki Lighthouse

This lighthouse is located in Omaezaki City, Shizu...

Watch on the Rhine

...He is known for his extremely strong creative ...

riddle

…The word riddle comes from the question “what” a...

Fushun

A prefecture-level city in the eastern part of Li...

Sastragala esakii (English spelling)

…There are about 180 herbivorous species distribu...

Chun-hua-ge-tie (English: Chun-hua-ge-tie)

A collection of works from the Song Dynasty in Chi...

Kasugai Okame - Kasugai Okame

...The storyteller Hattori Shin (1880-1974, whose...

Negative afterimage

...This refers to the visual effect that occurs w...

Daiba - Daiba

The remains of a battery (fort) built in Tokyo Ba...

Insect wax

…Used in cosmetics and medicines (ointment base),...

Miscellaneous grains - Zakkoku

In Japan, rice, wheat, and barley are called stap...

Sundman, KF

...This result suggested that even if a new integ...