Hamiltonian - Hamiltonian

Japanese: ハミルトニアン - はみるとにあん(英語表記)Hamiltonian
Hamiltonian - Hamiltonian

The energy of a particle or field system expressed in terms of coordinates and momentum, and the energy operator in quantum mechanics. The latter is also called the Hamiltonian operator. Here, the coordinate q can be chosen arbitrarily as long as it can express the motion of the system in question, but the momentum p is determined accordingly. The special relationship between coordinates and momentum was discovered by W. R. Hamilton of England. This relationship is called canonical conjugation, and the coordinates and momentum in this case are called canonically conjugate mechanical variables. The Hamiltonian mentioned above is named after Hamilton, as it expresses energy in terms of canonically conjugate mechanical variables. Therefore, the Hamiltonian of a mass point of mass m performing simple harmonic motion is (1/2 m ) p 2 +(1/2) Kq 2 ( K is a force constant), but if this is written as ( m /2)( dq / dt ) 2 +( K /2) q 2 , it is not a Hamiltonian.

[Hajime Tanaka]

Hamiltonian of quantum mechanics

In quantum mechanics, q and p are considered operators, and the relationship between them is considered to be qp - pq = - i ħ. p = - i ħ∂/∂ q is one concrete expression of this relationship. As a result, the Hamiltonian of quantum mechanics is the operator H , which is the p of the Hamiltonian of classical mechanics replaced by - i ħ∂/∂ q , and the state of motion of quantum mechanics, i.e., the change in quantum state over time, is given by i ħ∂/∂ t = H.

[Hajime Tanaka]

[References] | Hamilton

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

粒子や場のシステムのエネルギーを座標と運動量で表現したもの、および量子力学におけるエネルギー演算子をいう。後者はハミルトン演算子ともいわれる。ここで座標qは、対象としているシステムの運動を表すことができる限り任意に選んでよいが、運動量pはこれに応じて定まってくる。このような座標と運動量が特別の関係を有することをイギリスのW・R・ハミルトンがみいだした。この関係を正準共役(きょうやく)、この場合の座標と運動量を正準共役な力学変数という。先に述べたハミルトニアンとは、正準共役な力学変数でエネルギーを表現したものをハミルトンの名にちなんでよんでいるものである。したがって単振動を行う質量mの質点のハミルトニアンは(1/2m)p2+(1/2)Kq2Kは力の定数)であるが、これを(m/2)(dq/dt)2+(K/2)q2と書けばハミルトニアンではない。

[田中 一]

量子力学のハミルトニアン

量子力学ではqpとを演算子と考え、この間にqp-pq=-iħの関係が成り立つと考えている。p=-iħ∂/∂qはこの関係の具体的な一つの表現である。この結果、量子力学のハミルトニアンは古典力学のハミルトニアンのpを-iħ∂/∂qで置き換えた演算子Hとなり、量子力学の運動状態、すなわち量子的状態の時間的変化はiħ∂/∂t=Hで与えられる。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | ハミルトン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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