Ba-tou-zhi; Pa-t`ou-chih

Japanese: 把頭制 - はとうせい（英語表記）Ba-tou-zhi; Pa-t`ou-chih

A premodern Chinese boss system. Also called the bao gong system or the bao shen system. It is similar to the Japanese boarding house system. A boss (boss) is an intermediary between an employer and wage laborers, providing the employer with the necessary labor force in one lump sum, and managing the laborers' boarding house to control and govern them collectively. He received the laborers' wages in one lump sum, and made a large profit by deducting the advance payment, food, housing, clothing, etc. from that. A boss often used workers from the same hometown, and was widely employed in agriculture, handicrafts, and transportation throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. Even during the Republican period, there were many cases of coolies, mining, and even modern factories securing labor through a boss. It was abolished in March 1950 after the founding of the People's Republic.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国の前近代的な親方制度。包工制，包身制ともいう。日本の飯場制と類似する。把頭 (親方) は，雇主と賃金労務者との間に介在して労働を請負うもので，雇主に対しては必要な労働力を一括提供するとともに，労働者に対しては飯場を経営して集団的に彼らを掌握し支配する。労務者の賃金は一括して受取り，そのなかから前渡し金，食費，住居費，被服費などを差引き，多額の利潤をかせいだ。把頭は，主として同郷関係の労働者を使うことが多く，明・清時代を通じて，農業，手工業，交通業などで広範に採用され，民国時代にも，クーリー (苦力)，鉱山業，さらに近代工場も把頭を通じて労働力を確保する例が少くなかった。人民共和国成立後の 1950年3月に廃止された。

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