Like cancer, this is a disease in which one's own white blood cells increase indefinitely, and if left untreated, it will progress and lead to death. It was named by German pathologist Virchow because the abnormal increase in white blood cells causes red blood to appear whitish. It is the most common malignant proliferative disease in children. The incidence rate and the types of disease that occur vary slightly depending on race (country), and in Japan the death rate is about 3 women and 4 men per 100,000 population. [Kenjiro Ito] CauseThere are countless factors that cause cancer on earth, but the ones that are most closely related to the onset of the disease are radiation (including atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and all radiation used in testing and treatment), chemicals and medicines that directly affect the metabolism of nucleic acids, as well as carcinogens and viral infections. It is thought that three or four people out of 100,000 carry genes that make them more susceptible to developing leukemia, and that when such gene carriers encounter such triggers, they develop the disease. On the other hand, immunity to leukemia is also related, and it is thought that the disease is more likely to develop when the immune system is weakened. It is thought that viruses penetrate into chromosomes and cause changes in cell genes, promoting the onset of the disease. It occurs in all age groups, but the frequency peaks in children aged 5 to 6 and the elderly aged 60 to 70. The former (childhood leukemia) is the age when white blood cells become quantitatively and qualitatively active, and at the same time, it is the age when children start attending daycare centers and are first exposed to various triggers. The latter is the age when the immune system naturally declines and when cells that have become abnormal due to numerous triggers over the course of a long life are more likely to accumulate. [Kenjiro Ito] Types and progressLeukemia is classified according to the type of white blood cells that are increasing. Acute leukemia is when there is an increase in blast cells, which are the source of white blood cells, or immature white blood cells similar to them, while chronic leukemia is when there is an increase in both immature and mature leukemia. There are two major types of acute leukemia: acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. In the former, there is an abnormal increase in myeloblasts and promyelocytes, and in the latter, there is an increase in lymphoblasts. There is also monocytic leukemia, most of which are of the acute type. In acute leukemia, the increasing number of leukemia cells narrows the area of normal hematopoiesis, causing anemia, and the number of normal white blood cells and platelets decreases, making the patient more susceptible to infections and bleeding. Furthermore, leukemia cells spread throughout the body, causing swelling of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and in lymphatic leukemia, the lymph nodes swell (lymph node swelling). In acute promyelocytic leukemia, many granules are released into the bloodstream, which causes blood to clot in the blood vessels. This condition is called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and when this occurs, thrombosis occurs throughout the body, including the brain, and platelets and clotting factors decrease, causing massive bleeding and death. Chronic leukemia does not have strong symptoms due to an increase in mature white blood cells, and anemia is mild and bleeding is not observed. There are lymphatic and myeloid types, but in rare cases, monocytic types. In lymphatic types, the immune system may be weakened. Hepatosplenomegaly is more pronounced than in the acute type, and the spleen may swell to fill the abdomen. In lymphatic types, the lymph nodes are severely swollen, and the main symptoms are symptoms of compression caused by the swollen liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Chronic myeloid leukemia is characterized by an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome in 90% of cases, and by a reduced content of alkaline phosphatase in mature granulocytes. Furthermore, in many cases, it changes to acute leukemia in the third or fourth year. This is called acute blast cell division. Other rare diseases include eosinophilic leukemia, basophilic leukemia, and plasma cell leukemia, and many acute leukemias in the elderly are atypical, with fewer leukemia cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is common in the elderly, particularly in Caucasians, and some patients may survive for more than a dozen years in good health. [Kenjiro Ito] TreatmentThe most widely used treatment for leukemia is chemotherapy, which uses anti-cancer drugs that are anti-leukemia drugs. If anti-cancer drugs are used until the abnormally proliferating white blood cells (leukemia cells) are completely eliminated and a complete cure is achieved, normal cells will also be damaged and will not survive, so a method is used in which the number of leukemia cells is gradually reduced by using them intermittently, and normal cells are allowed to recover during the drug-free period. This reduces subjective and objective symptoms, and the findings in the peripheral blood and bone marrow appear normal. This is called remission, and this therapy is called remission induction therapy. Next, a therapy is performed to suppress the proliferation of remaining white blood cells and maintain and stabilize the remission state, called consolidation (strengthening) therapy. If this is performed strongly, a complete cure can be expected, but in reality it is difficult to expect a cure, so remission maintenance therapy is performed, in which anti-cancer drugs are repeatedly administered after a certain period of drug-free period. As a result, the number of long-term survivors of acute leukemia (especially childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia) is increasing, and it has become possible for them to visit outpatient clinics and return to society. However, when looking at leukemia as a whole, it remains a disease with an extremely poor prognosis. [Kenjiro Ito] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
癌(がん)と同じように、自分自身の白血球が無制限に増加し、放置すれば進行して死に至る病気。白血球が異常に増加して赤い血液が白みを帯びて見えるところから、ドイツの病理学者ウィルヒョウが名づけた。小児の悪性増殖性疾患のなかで最大の頻度を占めている。人種(国別)によって、発生頻度に多少の差と発生する種類に差があり、日本では、人口10万人に対して女性3人、男性4人ぐらいの死亡率である。 [伊藤健次郎] 原因地球上には無数の発癌にかかわる因子が存在するが、なかでも発病に関係の深いものとして、放射線(原爆、水爆をはじめ、検査、治療に用いられている放射線のすべて)、核酸の代謝に直接影響を与えるような化学薬品や医薬品、さらに発癌性物質といわれるもの、ウイルスの感染などがあげられる。そしておそらく10万人中の3、4人は遺伝的に白血病が発生しやすいような遺伝子をもち、そうした遺伝子保有者がこのような誘因に出会ったときに発病すると考えられる。また一方で、白血病に対する免疫力も関係しており、免疫力の低下した場合に発生しやすくなるものとも考えられる。なお、ウイルスは染色体の中に潜り込んで細胞遺伝子に変化をおこし、発病を助長すると考えられている。全年代にわたって発生するが、5~6歳の幼児と60~70歳の高齢者に頻度のピークがみられる。前者(小児白血病)は白血球が量的、質的に活発になる年代で、同時に、保育所などに通い始め、いろいろな誘因に初めて出会う年代でもある。後者は免疫力が自然に低下する年代であり、長い人生の間に数多くの誘因で変調をきたした細胞がたまりやすい年代でもある。 [伊藤健次郎] 種類と経過白血病は、増加している白血球の種類によっていろいろに分類されている。白血球のもとになる芽球や、それに近い幼若な白血球が増加しているものを急性白血病といい、幼若なものも成熟したものもともに増加しているものは慢性白血病という。急性白血病には急性骨髄性白血病、急性リンパ性白血病の二大病型があり、前者では骨髄芽球、前骨髄球が異常に増加しており、後者ではリンパ芽球が増加している。ほかに単球性白血病があり、多くは急性型である。急性白血病では、増加している白血病細胞のために正常な造血の場所が狭められて貧血をおこし、正常白血球も血小板も減少するために、感染症にかかりやすく出血しやすくなる。さらに白血病細胞が全身に広がって肝臓や脾臓(ひぞう)が腫(は)れ(肝脾腫(しゅ))、リンパ性ではリンパ節が腫れてくる(リンパ節腫脹(しゅちょう))。急性前骨髄球性白血病では多くの顆粒(かりゅう)が血中に放出されるため、それがもとで血液が血管中で凝固する。播種(はしゅ)性血管内凝固症候群(DIC)といわれ、これがおこると脳をはじめ全身に血栓症が発生し、血小板、凝固因子が減少し、大出血を引き起こして死亡する。 慢性白血病は、成熟した白血球が増加するためにあまり強い症状はなく、貧血も軽く、出血もみられない。リンパ性と骨髄性があるが、まれに単球性のこともある。リンパ性では免疫力が低下することがある。肝脾腫は急性型よりさらに著明で、腹部いっぱいに脾臓が腫れることがあり、リンパ性ではリンパ節の腫脹が強く、このように腫れた肝臓、脾臓やリンパ節による圧迫症状がおもな症状である。慢性骨髄性白血病にはフィラデルフィア染色体とよばれる異常染色体が90%の例にみられ、また成熟した顆粒球のアルカリフォスファターゼの含有量が低下しているのが特徴である。さらにまた、多くの例では3、4年目に急性白血病に変化する。これを急性芽球分利という。 そのほか、好酸球性白血病、好塩基球性白血病、形質細胞性白血病などもまれにみられ、高齢者の急性白血病には白血病細胞が少ない非定型的なものが多い。慢性リンパ性白血病は高齢者に多く、ことに白人に多い型であり、十数年以上元気で生存する場合がある。 [伊藤健次郎] 治療白血病の治療としてもっとも広く用いられているのは化学療法で、抗白血病薬である制癌剤が使われる。異常増殖した白血球(白血病細胞)を完全に消失させ完治させるまで制癌剤を使うと、正常細胞まで障害して生存できなくなるので、間欠的に使用して白血病細胞の数を段階的に減少させ、休薬期間中に正常細胞の回復を図る方法が行われる。これによって自覚および他覚症状が減少し、末梢(まっしょう)血や骨髄の所見が一見正常となる。これを寛解remissionといい、この療法を寛解導入療法という。続いて残存する白血球細胞の増殖を抑制して寛解状態を維持・安定させるための療法が行われ、これを地固め(強化)療法という。これを強力に行えば完全治癒が期待されるわけであるが、実際には治癒を期待するのは困難で、一定期間休薬してから制癌剤を投与することを繰り返す寛解維持療法が行われる。これにより、急性白血病(とくに小児白血病の急性リンパ性白血病)の長期生存者が増加しつつあり、外来通院や社会復帰が可能となってきた。しかし、白血病全体からみると、依然として予後の非常に悪い疾患であることに変わりはない。 [伊藤健次郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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