Animal sound-producing organs can be broadly divided into those that utilize airflow and those that generate vibrations in other ways, but in either case, the basis for the generation of vibrations is ultimately the rapid, repetitive vibration of muscles. The vocal cords, which are sound-producing organs that utilize exhaled air, are more developed in vertebrates that have lungs, i.e., amphibians. Other types include fish that make sound by rubbing their fins together in water, but insects in particular have developed various sound-producing mechanisms. The eardrums of cicadas and the sound organs of orthopteran insects are specialized organs for sound production, but in some cases, organs that were originally different types of organs are thought to be used for sound production, such as the striking sound made by the mandibles of booklice. Mosquitoes, flies, and bees make wing beats when flying, and this can be used as a signal between individuals. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
動物の発音の器官は,大別すると空気の流れを利用したものと,それ以外の振動の発生とになるが,どちらの場合にも振動の発生の基礎は,結局は筋肉の急速な反復振動によっている。呼気を利用した発音器官である声帯は,脊椎動物で肺をもつもの,すなわち両生類以上に発達している。その他の形式としては,水中で鰭の摩擦で発音する魚類などもあるが,特に昆虫で,各種の発音機構の発達がみられる。セミの鼓膜や,直翅目の昆虫の鳴器は発音のための特別の器官であるが,元来は別種の器官であるものが発音に利用されているとみられる場合もあり,チャタテムシの大顎による打撃音などはその例である。カ,ハエ,ハチなどでは飛翔の際に翅のうなりが生じ,これが個体間の信号に利用される例もある。
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