Phags pa - Pasupa (English spelling)

He was the founder of the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism). He was the first emperor to become a teacher in the Yuan dynasty of China. Phagpa (Pakpa) means "saint". His real name was Blo gros rgyal mtshan. In Chinese sources, he is written as Ba Si Ba or Fa He Si Ba. At the time, the Yuan dynasty was trying to gain hegemony over Tibet, but Phagpa went to the Yuan dynasty with his uncle Sa skya Paita kun dga' rgyal mtshan (1182-1251) and his younger brother Phyag na rdo rje (1239-1267), and met with Kuten in 1247, where he made efforts to secure Tibet's surrender and peace. In 1253, he met Kublai Khan (the first emperor of Tibet), defeated the Taoists in the third Taoist-Buddhist debate in 1258, and was appointed as the national teacher in 1260. In 1269, he established the Phag-pa script, and probably in the following year, 1270, he was appointed as the imperial teacher, and ruled the Buddhist world of the Yuan dynasty and controlled the political and religious rights of all 130,000 households in Tibet. However, in 1274, he handed over the position of imperial teacher to his half-brother Rinchen Gentsen and returned to Sakya Monastery, where he held a great puja at Chumik Monastery in 1277. He died at Sakya Monastery at the age of 46. His works are included in the Collected Works of Sakya. He also wrote the Treatise on the Knowledge of the Truth (Shoshochiron), which is also said to have been translated into Chinese. After his death, the position of imperial teacher was inherited by members of his family, and he established the Sakya Kingdom, making him an important figure in Tibetan history.

[Yu Harada July 20, 2018]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

チベット仏教（ラマ教）サキャ派の祖師。初めて中国、元(げん)の帝師となった。パスパ（パクパ）は「聖者」の意。本名はロトゲンツェンBlo gros rgyal mtshan。中国の資料では八思巴、発合思巴などと表記される。当時、元朝はチベットの覇権をうかがっていたが、パスパは叔父サパン・クンガーゲンツェンSa skya Paita kun dga' rgyal mtshan（1182―1251）、弟チャクナドジェPhyag na rdo rje（1239―1267）とともに元朝に赴き、1247年クテンに謁し、チベットの降伏と和平に努力した。1253年に彼はフビライ・ハン（世祖）に謁し、1258年の第3回道仏論争で道教側を論破し、1260年には国師に任じられた。1269年にはパスパ文字を制定し、おそらく翌1270年に彼は帝師に任じられ、元朝の仏教界を統(す)べるとともに、全チベット13万戸の政教権を支配した。しかし1274年には帝師を異母弟リンチェンゲンツェンに譲ってサキャ寺に帰還し、1277年にチュミク寺で大法会を行った。46歳でサキャ寺で没。彼の著作集は『サキャ全書』に収められている。また『彰所知論(しょうしょちろん)』は彼の著で、漢訳も伝えられている。彼の没後も帝師の地位は一門の者に継承され、サキャ王国を確立した、チベット史上重要な人物である。

［原田　覺　2018年7月20日］

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