Tetanus (English spelling)

Japanese: 破傷風 - はしょうふう(英語表記)tetanus
Tetanus (English spelling)

Tetanus bacteria enters the body through a wound, grows, and produces toxins that invade the peripheral nerves and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, causing tonic spasms in the muscles of the entire body. It is classified as a Class 5 infectious disease under the Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act. If left untreated, the disease has a very high mortality rate, causing death from suffocation due to spasms of the respiratory muscles. In the 1950s, there were 1,000 to 2,000 patients per year, but due to the spread of vaccinations, the number of patients fell below 100 per year from 1976 (Showa 51), and dropped sharply to less than 50 in 1989 (Heisei 1). After that, the number of patients per year remained at around 30 to 50, but in recent years, it has been increasing, with 66 patients in 1999, 106 in 2002, and 115 in 2005, and the disease is more prevalent among older people who have not had the opportunity to be vaccinated. In 1950, neonatal tetanus deaths accounted for 30% of all deaths, but since 1979 there has been only one case of neonatal tetanus death in Japan, in 1995.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

infection

The pathogen, tetanus bacteria, is always present in soil and in the feces of humans and animals, and can enter the body through wounds such as thorns or old nails, burns, tooth extractions, and artificial abortions. There is also neonatal tetanus, which is transmitted through the cut end of the umbilical cord. The incubation period varies depending on the developmental conditions and can last from three days to several weeks, but most are from ten days to two weeks.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Symptoms

After experiencing discomfort such as general fatigue and inability to sleep (prodromal symptoms), the mouth becomes stiff and difficult to open (trismus), and the face may appear to be in a wry smile due to spasms of the chewing and facial muscles. This is characteristic of tetanus and is called laughter spasmodic. Then the patient begins to suffer from generalized convulsions. These attacks involve arching the body and stiffening the limbs, and can be triggered by slight contact or by stimuli such as sound or light. The patient remains conscious, but hypertonicity of the respiratory and laryngeal muscles due to the spasms can lead to breathing difficulties, and frequent spasms can cause cardiac failure and death. Generalized convulsions last for two to three weeks, after which the condition gradually improves.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Treatment

First, the patient is sedated with the anti-anxiety drug diazepam, and then a tetanus antitoxin is injected as soon as possible to neutralize the toxin. The earlier this injection is administered, the more effective the treatment will be, but once a certain amount of time has passed, no matter how much of it is administered, it will not be effective. This is because the toxin binds to the tissues and causes disease, and toxin that has bound to the tissues is difficult to neutralize, even if a large amount of antitoxin is administered. Furthermore, a single injection of this type maintains sufficient antitoxin in the blood for two to three weeks, so no additional injections are necessary.

Additionally, if any foreign matter remains in the wound, it is necessary to remove it, and necrotic tissue must be completely excised. To treat tetanus bacteria, a penicillin antibiotic must be added to the infusion. As the main cause of death is respiratory distress, the airway must be secured, and anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants are used to treat generalized convulsions. Depending on the situation, general anesthesia may be administered, and the respiratory muscles may be paralyzed, with the patient's breathing maintained passively for one or two weeks using an artificial ventilator. In other words, treatment requires cooperation from internal medicine, surgery, and anesthesiology, and it is preferable to treat the patient in an intensive care unit (ICU) whenever possible.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

prognosis

Since the wound where the bacteria entered may have already healed, it is often the case that the first symptoms are noticed when the patient experiences trismus, and it is often too late to treat the condition. In addition, the disease may initially appear mild, but may suddenly worsen even with adequate treatment. In general, patients who experience generalized convulsions within 48 hours of the onset of trismus are considered to be in a serious condition with a poor prognosis. The mortality rate used to be high at 30-50%, but advances in respiratory and circulatory system management techniques, such as in ICU treatment, have led to a dramatic decline in the number of deaths. However, severe cases can occur, and the disease remains difficult to treat.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

prevention

Tetanus is difficult to treat, so vaccination is important. For infants and young children who are prone to trauma, there is a routine vaccination, and immunity against tetanus is completed by three injections of the DPT combined vaccine (triple combined vaccine) of diphtheria (D), whooping cough (P), and tetanus (T). For those who have not received this vaccination, 0.5 milliliters of precipitated tetanus toxoid is injected subcutaneously twice at intervals of 4 to 8 weeks, and then a third injection 6 to 12 months later, and immunity similar to that obtained by injecting the DPT combined vaccine is acquired. For injured persons who have been immune for more than 5 years, reinjection of 0.5 milliliters immediately after injury will become effective within 4 to 5 days. In addition, to prevent the onset of the disease in injured persons, proper surgical treatment of the trauma site, and for non-immune persons or those with incomplete immunity who have only received one or two routine vaccinations, several injections of the toxoid are given, and penicillin-based antibiotics are also administered.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Tetanus bacteria

The causative bacterium of tetanus , Clostridium tetani (Nicolaier) Holland, is a species of the genus Clostridium, belonging to the group of gram-positive spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria. It is always present in soil and is often found in animal feces. It is an obligate anaerobe, and the spores are formed at one end, so it is ladle-shaped. When young, it is peritrichous and motile. It is rod-shaped, 0.4 to 1.2 x 3 to 8 micrometers (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter). It is hemolytic on blood agar medium with added glucose, and forms irregular colonies. It has relatively low biochemical activity, and is said to obtain energy by breaking down amino acids. It does not produce acid by breaking down sugar. When an animal sustains a deep wound, it grows symbiotically with other bacteria (mixed infection) and produces a localized suppuration. The exotoxin produced during this process is a neurotoxin.

[Masami Soneda]

"Active Intelligence 1: The Living Field, Kitasato Shibasaburo's Theory on Tetanus Bacteria" by Kitasato Shibasaburo and Nakamura Keiko (1999, Tetsugaku Shobo)""Tetanus, 2nd Edition by Ebisawa Isao (2005, Nihon Iji Shinposha)"

[References] | Clostridium | Antitoxin preparations | Antitoxin therapy | Toxoids

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

傷口から侵入した破傷風菌が増殖して産生する毒素によって末梢(まっしょう)神経および脊髄(せきずい)前角細胞が侵され、全身の筋肉が強直性けいれんをおこす疾患。感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)では5類感染症に分類されている。放置すれば呼吸筋のけいれんによる窒息で死亡するきわめて致死率の高い疾患で、昭和20年代には年間1000人から2000人を超える患者数を数えたが、予防接種の普及などによって1976年(昭和51)以降は年間患者数が100人を割り、89年(平成1)以降は50人以下まで激減した。その後、年間患者数は30~50人程度で推移していたが、近年は1999年66人、2002年106人、2005年115人と増加傾向にあり、ワクチン接種の機会のなかった年長者に発生が多くみられる。なお新生児破傷風死亡者は1950年の報告では全体の3割を占めていたが、1979年以降日本では新生児破傷風死亡者は1995年の1例のみである。

[柳下徳雄]

感染

病原体の破傷風菌は土壌中に常在し、ヒトや動物の糞便(ふんべん)中にも存在しており、とげや古釘(くぎ)を刺したり、やけど、抜歯、人工妊娠中絶などのときに傷口から侵入する。また、臍帯(さいたい)切断端から感染する新生児破傷風もある。潜伏期は発育条件によって異なり、3日から数週間にも及ぶが、多くは10日から2週間である。

[柳下徳雄]

症状

全身がだるい、眠れないなどの違和感(前駆症状)ののち、口がこわばって開きにくくなる開口障害がみられ、このとき咬(こう)筋や顔面筋の攣縮(れんしゅく)によって苦笑しているような顔貌(がんぼう)を呈することがある。これは破傷風に特徴的なもので、痙笑(けいしょう)とよばれる。ついで全身けいれんの発作をおこすようになる。この発作は体を弓なりに反らせて手足を突っ張るもので、ちょっとした接触のほか、音や光などの刺激で誘発される。意識は障害されないが、けいれんによる呼吸筋や喉頭(こうとう)筋の過緊張がおこると呼吸困難に陥るほか、頻発するけいれんによって心臓衰弱をおこしたりすることで死亡する。全身けいれんをおこす期間は2、3週間で、これを過ぎると徐々に寛解していく。

[柳下徳雄]

治療

まず抗不安剤であるジアゼパムを与えて患者を鎮静させたのち、なるべく早期に破傷風抗毒素製剤を注射して毒素を中和する。この注射は早ければ早いほど少量でも治療効果があるが、ある程度以上時間が経過すると、いかに大量を与えても効果はみられない。これは毒素が組織に結合して発病するためで、組織に結合した毒素は抗毒素を大量に与えても中和しにくい。なお、この注射は1回で2、3週間にわたる十分な血中抗毒素が維持されるので、追加注射の必要はない。

 このほか、傷に異物が残存する場合には除去し、壊死(えし)組織を完全に切除する必要があり、破傷風菌に対してはペニシリン系抗生物質を輸液中に加える。また、死因はおもに呼吸困難によるので気道の確保が必要で、全身けいれんに対しては抗けいれん剤や筋弛緩(しかん)剤を用いる。状況によっては全身麻酔を施し、呼吸筋も麻痺(まひ)させて人工呼吸器により1、2週間患者の呼吸を他動的に維持することも行われる。すなわち、治療には内科、外科、麻酔科の協力が必要で、できうる限り集中治療室(ICU)で治療するのが望ましい。

[柳下徳雄]

予後

菌が侵入した傷口が治癒していることもあり、開口障害によって初めて気づく場合が多く、手遅れになりやすい。また、病初は軽症のようにみえ、十分に治療しても急に悪化することもある。一般に、開口障害の出現から全身けいれんのおこるまでの時間が48時間以内の患者は重症で、予後不良とされている。かつては致命率30~50%という高率であったが、ICUにおける治療など呼吸および循環系の管理技術が進歩して死亡例は激減した。しかし、ときに重症例もあり、治療の困難な病気であることに変わりはない。

[柳下徳雄]

予防

破傷風は治療が困難なだけに予防接種が重視される。外傷を受けやすい乳幼児に対しては定期予防接種があり、ジフテリア(D)、百日咳(ぜき)(P)、破傷風(T)のDPT混合ワクチン(三種混合ワクチン)を3回注射すると破傷風の免疫が完了する。この接種を受けていない者には、沈降破傷風トキソイド0.5ミリリットルを4~8週間の間隔で2回皮下注射し、さらに6~12か月後に第3回目を注射すれば、DPT混合ワクチンの接種と同様の免疫が獲得される。免疫獲得後5年以上経過した受傷者に対しては、受傷後ただちに0.5ミリリットルを再注射すれば4、5日で効力が現れる。また、受傷者の発病防止には外傷部位の正しい外科処置をはじめ、非免疫者あるいは定期予防接種を1、2回しか受けなかった不完全免疫者に対してはトキソイドを数回注射するほか、ペニシリン系抗生物質を投与する。

[柳下徳雄]

破傷風菌

破傷風の病原細菌Clostridium tetani(Nicolaier)Holland、グラム陽性胞子(芽胞(がほう))形成桿菌(かんきん)のグループに属し、クロストリジウム属の1種。土壌中に常在し、動物の糞便中にもしばしばみられる。偏性(絶対的)嫌気性菌であり、胞子が一端に偏って形成されるため、杓子(しゃくし)状となる。胞子のない若い時期は周毛性で、運動性がある。桿状で、0.4~1.2×3~8マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)。ブドウ糖を加えた血液寒天培地では溶血性を示し、不整形の集落(コロニー)を形成する。生化学的活性は比較的低く、アミノ酸の分解でエネルギーを得ているといわれる。糖分解による酸の産生はない。動物が深部傷を受けると、他の細菌と共生的に発育(混合感染)して局所に膿(のう)症をつくる。その際に産生する菌体外毒素は神経毒である。

[曽根田正己]

『北里柴三郎・中村桂子著『能動知性1 生の場 北里柴三郎破傷風菌論』(1999・哲学書房)』『海老沢功著『破傷風』第2版(2005・日本医事新報社)』

[参照項目] | クロストリジウム | 抗毒素製剤 | 抗毒素療法 | トキソイド

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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