Huxley, Thomas Henry

Japanese: ハクスリー（英語表記）Huxley， Thomas Henry

Born: 4 May 1825, Ealing, Middlesex
[Died] June 29, 1895. Eastbourne British biologist and scientific educator. Defended C. Darwin's theory of evolution and worked to popularize it. After studying medicine at Charing Cross Hospital and qualifying as a doctor at the University of London, he joined the Australian expedition as a naval surgeon aboard the Rattlesnake in 1846. During the voyage, he conducted comparative anatomical research on jellyfish, published a paper in the journal of the Royal Society (1849), and was recognized as a biologist. He returned to the United States in 1850. In 1854, he retired from the navy and became a professor at the Royal School of Mines (later, through his efforts, the school became the Royal College of Science). In response to attacks on Darwin's On the Origin of Species from the religious world, Huxley defended the theory of evolution, confronting theologians and clergy, and in 1860, he debated with Bishop S. Wilberforce at the British Association's annual meeting. In 1863, Huxley wrote Man's Place in the World of Nature, in which he argued that humans evolved from apes, a topic that Darwin had not yet touched upon. R. Owen criticized him, claiming that humans and apes have different brain structures, but Huxley responded by proving that the brain structures of both species are identical. He also argued that human mental activity is due to the physiological functions of the brain, which he used as evidence for the idea of continuity between humans and apes. He also conducted research in comparative anatomy and paleontology, such as rejecting the theory of L. Oken and others that the skull is a modified spine, and he also classified birds. He also worked widely to popularize science through the writing of educational books and lectures, and worked hard to reform the education system and improve science education. He is the author of many books, including Science and Culture (81) and Evolution and Ethics (93).

Huxley
Huxley, Aldous Leonard

Born July 26, 1894. Godlming, Sally
[Died] November 22, 1963, Los Angeles. British novelist and critic. His grandfather was the biologist TH Huxley, his brother was J. Huxley, and his maternal relative was the poet M. Arnold. He graduated from Eton College and Oxford University. He aimed to become a doctor, but switched to literature due to an eye disease. He became a magazine editor and published three collections of poems, including The Burning Wheel (1916), while also writing novels. He gained recognition with his collection of short stories Limbo (20), followed by the full-length novels Crome Yellow (21) and Antic Hay (23), which strongly reflected the disillusionment, anxiety, and skepticism of the post-World War I era. He became one of the most representative writers of the 1920s. Other major works include Point Counter Point (28), Brave New World (32), Eyeless in Gaza (36), and the collection of essays Ends and Means (37).

Huxley
Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding

Born: November 22, 1917, London
[Died] May 30, 2012.
British physiologist. Grandson of biologist Thomas H. Huxley. He received his master's degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, and lectured and conducted research at Trinity College from 1941 to 1960. In 1960, he became professor of physiology at University College, London. In 1953, together with his colleague Alan L. Hodgkin, he elucidated the physical and chemical mechanism by which stimuli are transmitted along nerve fibers (see Nerve Conduction). For this achievement, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 along with Hodgkin and John C. Eccles of Australia. He also made important contributions to muscle contraction. He became a research professor in the Physiology Department of the Royal Society in 1969, and was knighted in 1974. He was president of the Royal Society from 1980 to 1985.

Huxley
Huxley, Sir Julian (Sorell)

Born: June 22, 1887, London
[Died] February 14, 1975, London. British biologist and science administrator. Grandson of TH Huxley. After graduating from Oxford University, he traveled to the United States to study. He became a professor at the University of London (1925). He achieved many accomplishments in a wide range of fields, including hormone biology, embryology, ornithology, and ecology. After World War II, he served as Director-General of UNESCO (1946-48). He was knighted in 1958. His major works include Problems of Relative Growth (32), Evolution, the Modern Synthesis (42), and Evolution in Action (53).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1825.5.4. ミドルセックス，イーリング
[没]1895.6.29. イーストボーン
イギリスの生物学者，科学啓蒙家。 C.ダーウィンの進化論を擁護し，その普及に努めた。チャリング・クロス病院で医学を学び，ロンドン大学で医者の資格を得たのち，1846年海軍の外科医として『ラトルスネーク』号に乗込み，オーストラリア探検に加わる。航海中にクラゲの比較解剖学的研究を行い，ロイヤル・ソサエティの機関誌に論文を発表 (1849) し，生物学者として認められる。 50年帰国。 54年，海軍を退役して王立鉱山学校の教授となる (後年，同校は彼の尽力により王立科学大学となる) 。ダーウィンの『種の起原』を宗教界が攻撃したのに対し，ハクスリーは進化論を擁護し，神学者や聖職者と対決，60年のイギリス学術振興協会年会の席上で，主教 S.ウィルバーフォースと論争した。 63年，ハクスリーは『自然界における人間の位置』を著わして，ダーウィンもまだ触れていなかったヒトの起源について，ヒトは類人猿から進化したと唱えた。 R.オーウェンがヒトと類人猿とでは脳の構造が異なるとして批判を加えたが，彼は両者の脳の構造が同一であることを実証してそれにこたえた。また，人間の精神活動は脳の生理作用によると説き，ヒトと類人猿の間に連続性を考えるための根拠とした。このほか，頭蓋骨を脊椎の変形したものとみる L.オーケンらの説を否定するなど，比較解剖学，古生物学での研究もあり，鳥類の分類も行なっている。また，啓蒙書執筆や講演を通じて科学の普及をはかり，教育制度の改革や科学教育の充実化に尽力するなど，幅広い活動を行なった。『科学と文化』 Science and Culture (81) ，『進化と倫理』 Evolution and Ethics (93) など多数の著書がある。

ハクスリー
Huxley， Aldous Leonard

[生]1894.7.26. サリー，ゴドルミング
[没]1963.11.22. ロサンゼルス
イギリスの小説家，評論家。生物学者 T.H.ハクスリーを祖父に，J.ハクスリーを兄に，詩人 M.アーノルドを母方の親戚にもつ。イートン校を経てオックスフォード大学を卒業。医学を志したが，眼疾のため文学に転向。雑誌編集者となり，『火の車』 The Burning Wheel (1916) 以下3詩集を出すかたわら小説に筆を染め，短編集『がらくた』 Limbo (20) に続く長編『クローム・イエロー』 Crome Yellow (21) ，『道化踊り』 Antic Hay (23) で認められ，第1次世界大戦後の幻滅，不安，懐疑を濃厚に反映する，1920年代を代表する作家の一人となった。その他の主要作品には『対位法』 Point Counter Point (28) ，『すばらしい新世界』 Brave New World (32) ，『ガザに盲いて』 Eyeless in Gaza (36) ，評論集『目的と手段』 Ends and Means (37) など。

ハクスリー
Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding

[生]1917.11.22. ロンドン
[没]2012.5.30.
イギリスの生理学者。生物学者のトマス・H.ハクスリーの孫。ケンブリッジ大学トリニティ・カレッジで修士号を取得，1941～60年トリニティ・カレッジで講義と研究を続け，1960年にロンドンのユニバーシティ・カレッジの生理学教授となった。1953年同僚のアラン・L.ホジキンとともに神経線維に刺激が伝わる仕組みを物理・化学的に解明（→神経伝導）。この功績により1963年，ホジキン，オーストラリアのジョン・C.エクルズとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。ほかに，筋肉の収縮に関して重要な業績がある。1969年からロイヤル・ソサエティの生理学部門の研究教授となり，1974年にナイトに叙された。1980～85年ロイヤル・ソサエティ会長。

ハクスリー
Huxley， Sir Julian (Sorell)

[生]1887.6.22. ロンドン
[没]1975.2.14. ロンドン
イギリスの生物学者，科学行政家。 T.H.ハクスリーの孫。オックスフォード大学卒業後アメリカに遊学。ロンドン大学教授 (1925) 。ホルモン学，発生学，鳥類学，生態学にわたる広い分野で多くの業績を上げた。第2次世界大戦後ユネスコの事務局長 (46～48) 。 1958年ナイトの称号を贈られた。主著に『相対成長の問題』 Problems of Relative Growth (32) ，『進化。現代的総合』 Evolution ，the Modern Synthesis (42) ，『進化とはなにか』 Evolution in Action (53) がある。

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