White Australia Policy

Japanese: 白豪主義 - はくごうしゅぎ(英語表記)White Australia Policy
White Australia Policy

The movement and argument for excluding immigrants of coloured races to Australia and maintaining homogeneity with white society not only politically and economically but also socially and culturally. Its origins date back to the late 19th century. The Australian colony, which started as a penal colony for British convicts at the end of the 18th century, was hit by a large influx of coloured immigrants, mainly Chinese, after the discovery of gold mines in 1851 (the Gold Rush). These low-paid people did not assimilate into white society, causing resentment among white workers and ordinary citizens, which, combined with racial prejudice and colonial nationalism, led to a growing trend for exclusion. The mother country did not necessarily approve of this, but in 1888 the six colonial states unified in their view that they had the right to restrict immigration and decided to restrict Chinese immigration, thus laying the foundation for White Australia. After the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1901, the immigration restriction laws that had been implemented in each state were unified and consolidated, and the Coloured Race Restriction Act was adopted, which effectively banned the immigration of coloured people. This law was repealed in 1966, and the enactment of the Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act in 1975 marked the end of White Australiaism in legal terms. In the ten years since the enactment of the Act, 100,000 refugees have been accepted. However, as symbolized by Pauline Hanson, who was elected to the House of Representatives in 1996, white people's attachment to White Australiaism has not disappeared. Hanson advocated the preservation of white traditional culture and the expulsion of Asian immigrants, and in 1997 she founded the ultra-conservative One Nation Party, which at one time won more than 10% support in opinion polls. Hanson lost the general election in 1998, and her support rate plummeted, but this series of events shows that White Australiaism has not been completely eradicated.

[Mayako Ishii]

"Anatomy of Australia by Hiroshi Nagai (1991, Shobunsha)" "The Story of Australia's History: An Experiment in Multicultural Middle Power by Isami Takeda (Chuko Shinsho)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストラリアへの有色人種の移民を排斥し、政治的、経済的のみならず、社会的、文化的にも白人社会の同質性を維持すべきだという主張と運動。起源は19世紀後半にさかのぼる。18世紀末にイギリスの囚人流刑地として出発したオーストラリア植民地は、1851年の金鉱発見(ゴールド・ラッシュ)以来、中国人を中心に大量の有色人移民の流入にみまわれた。これらの低賃金の人々が白人社会に同化せずに生活したため、白人労働者や小市民たちの間に反発が起こり、人種的偏見や植民地ナショナリズムなどと相まって排斥の機運が高まった。本国側はかならずしもこれを承認しなかったが、1888年六つの植民地州は、自分たちに移民制限権があるとの意見統一を行い、中国人移民制限を決定、ここに白豪主義の基礎を築いた。1901年、連邦発足後には、各州ごとに実施してきた移民制限法を統一・整備して、有色人種制限法を採択し、事実上有色人種の移民を禁止した。この法律は1966年に廃止され、1975年連邦人種差別禁止法の制定で、法制上は白豪主義は終焉(しゅうえん)した。同法制定後の10年間で10万人の難民を受け入れている。しかし、1996年下院議員に当選したポーリン・ハンソンPaulin Hansonに象徴されるように、白人たちの白豪主義への執着はなくなってはいない。ハンソンは、白人伝統文化の維持やアジア移民の排斥などを掲げ、1997年には超保守政党のワンネーション党を結成、一時は、世論調査で10%以上の支持率を獲得したこともあった。98年の総選挙でハンソンは落選、支持率も急落したが、これら一連のできごとは、白豪主義が完全には払拭されていないことを物語っている。

[石井摩耶子]

『永井浩著『オーストラリア解剖』(1991・晶文社)』『竹田いさみ著『物語 オーストラリアの歴史――多文化ミドルパワーの実験』(中公新書)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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