Bombing - Bakugeki (English spelling)

Japanese: 爆撃 - ばくげき(英語表記)bombing
Bombing - Bakugeki (English spelling)

Generally, it refers to attacking a target by dropping bombs from an aircraft, but it can also include attacks using rockets and guided missiles. Tactical bombing is when the targets are enemy combatants, positions, military facilities, combat equipment, military ships, etc., and are directly related to the progress of the battle, while strategic bombing is when the targets are the political and economic centers, industrial facilities, communication and transportation systems within the enemy's homeland, and are used to destroy the ability and will to wage war.

There are various methods of bombing, including horizontal, diving, offset, and toss, depending on the type of target and conditions. Horizontal bombing involves aiming at a target while flying horizontally in a straight line and dropping bombs. High-altitude bombing is mainly used by large aircraft for area bombing. Low-altitude (very low-altitude) bombing is mainly used by tactical attack aircraft to avoid radar, anti-aircraft guns, missiles, etc. and break through air defense networks. Also, when a bomb is dropped on a ship on the water while flying horizontally at high speed, it bounces off the water and hits the target. This method is called skip bombing.

Dive bombing is a method of bombing a target by descending toward it, and is classified as a slow dive or a steep dive depending on the angle. It has high accuracy and is suitable for attacking moving targets such as tanks, vehicles, and ships, as well as small, solid targets. Rockets are used to increase the penetration power. Also, since it is susceptible to anti-aircraft fire, a method of suddenly changing direction by changing the approach route is also used, which is called offset bombing. A method of approaching at low altitude, ascending sharply just before the target, and releasing the bomb while ascending is called toss (loft) bombing. The bomb rises once and explodes on or above the target, and the dropper turns around after ascending and quickly leaves. With this method, there is a time until the explosion and it is possible to escape to a safe area, so it is suitable for nuclear attacks at low altitudes. In order to gain time to leave, some bombs extend their fins or use a parachute to increase the drop resistance and reduce the drop speed.

Accurate bombing requires accurate navigation, and for this reason bombers and attack aircraft are generally equipped with high-precision inertial reference systems. Linking the navigation system with the bombing computer enables continuous calculation of hit position (CCIP) and continuous calculation of drop position (CCRP), allowing for more accurate bombing. When using guided bombs, a corresponding guidance system and related equipment are required. For television guidance, a television image receiver is installed, for laser guidance, a laser projection device and an image device, and for infrared guidance, an infrared image device is installed, and the target is identified in the cockpit.

[Kenichi Aoki]

[Reference] | Air Raids | Bombers
Main types of bombing
©Shogakukan ">

Main types of bombing


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に航空機から爆弾を投下して、目標を攻撃することをいうが、ロケット弾や誘導ミサイルを使っての攻撃を含む場合もある。目標が敵の戦闘員、陣地、軍事施設、戦闘器材、軍用艦船などで、戦闘の推移に直接関連する場合を戦術爆撃といい、敵本土内の政治・経済中枢、産業施設、通信・運輸機構などを目標にして、戦争遂行の能力と意志を喪失させる場合を戦略爆撃という。

 爆撃には、目標の種類と条件に応じて水平、降下、オフセット、トスなど、各種の手段がある。水平爆撃は、水平直線飛行中に目標を照準し、爆弾を投下するもので、高々度からの爆撃は主として大型機が地域爆撃(エリア・ボミング)を行うときに使う。低空(超低空)爆撃は、主として戦術攻撃機が、レーダーや対空火器、ミサイルなどを回避し、防空網を突破しての攻撃に使われる。また水上の艦船に対して、超低空を水平高速で飛行しながら爆弾を投下すると、水面に反跳して目標に命中する。この方式を跳飛爆撃(スキップ・ボミング)という。

 降下爆撃は、目標に対向して降下しながら行う爆撃で、角度により緩降下、急降下に区分される。命中精度が高く、戦車、車両、艦船などの移動目標や、堅固な小目標の攻撃に適する。貫徹力を増すためには、ロケット弾を使用する。また対空砲火を受けやすいので、接近経路を違えて急に方向転換をする方法もとり、これをオフセット爆撃とよぶ。低空で侵入して目標直前で急上昇し、上昇中に爆弾を放す方法をトス(ロフト)爆撃という。爆弾はいったん上昇したのち目標またはその上空で爆発し、投下機は上昇運動に続いて反転し急速に離脱する。この方法によると、爆発までの時間があって、安全圏まで離脱が可能なので、低空での核攻撃などに適している。また、離脱時間をかせぐため、爆弾のフィンを展張したり、パラシュートを使用して落下抵抗を増やし、落下速度を下げるものもある。

 正確な爆撃を行うためには、正確な航法が必要で、このため爆撃機や攻撃機には高精度の慣性基準装置を備えるのが一般化している。航法装置と爆撃コンピュータを連動させることによって、命中位置連続計算(CCIP)や投下位置連続計算(CCRP)が可能となって、より正確な爆撃が行える。また誘導爆弾を使用する場合には、それに応じた誘導装置と関連機材が必要となる。テレビ誘導ではテレビ画像受信機、レーザー誘導ではレーザー照射装置と画像装置、赤外線誘導では赤外線画像装置を装備し、操縦席で目標の特定をする。

[青木謙知]

[参照項目] | 空襲 | 爆撃機
爆撃法のおもな種類
©Shogakukan">

爆撃法のおもな種類


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