Conjugation word - Hogougo

Japanese: 抱合語 - ほうごうご
Conjugation word - Hogougo

It is a language with a structure in which one word contains another word and is incorporated into it, as in Ainu. However, it is considered to be a type of structure in which an entire sentence is compounded as if it were one word, as in Eskimo, so the term polysynthetic language is now more commonly used. For example, in the language spoken by the Menominee people of North America (one of the Algonquian languages), when the root akua (to separate from...) is combined with the suffixes -epi- (liquid), -en- (hand action), and -am (third person agent), the whole is combined as if it were one word and forms a sentence, such as akuapi:nam (he takes water from it). Therefore, in a sense, it can be considered that the declension (inflection of words) seen in inflected words is not limited to gender, number, person, etc., but has expanded and extended to the entire sentence. In other words, it can be considered to be a type of compounding. However, if we look at other languages ​​from this perspective, we find that similar principles, although to varying degrees, are found in other languages, such as the contraction of accent nuclei across entire phrases in Japanese, and the reorganization of tones (syllabic tones) across entire phrases in the Xiamen dialect of Chinese.

[Mantaro Hashimoto]

"The Structure of Language" by Hisanosuke Izumi (1967, Kinokuniya Shoten) " "Introduction to Linguistics: Language and Symbolic Systems" by Y.R. Chao, translated by Mantaro Hashimoto (1980, Iwanami Shoten) " "Eskimo Language and Culture" by Hakuto Miyaoka (1978, Kobundo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アイヌ語にみられるように、一つの単語のなかに別のことばを入れて抱合するような構造の言語をいう。しかし、これは、エスキモー語のように、文全体をあたかも一語のように複合成してしまう構造の一種と考えられるので、いまでは複合成語polysynthetic language(輯合(しゅうごう)語とも訳される)という言い方のほうが一般的になっている。その一例をあげれば、北米のアメリカ・インディアンのメノミニー人の話す言語(アルゴンキン諸語の一つ)では、語根akua(……から切り離すこと)に接尾辞-epi-(液体)、-en-(手の動作)、-am(第三人称行為者)がつくと、全体がakuapi:nam(彼は、それから水をとる)のように、あたかも一語であるかのごとくまとまって、一つの文をなす。したがって、それはある意味では、屈折語にみられる単語の曲用(語形変化)が、単に性や数や人称などにとどまらず、どんどん広がっていって、文全体にまで及んだものであるとみなしうる。つまり、一種の複合成と考えられるわけである。しかし、その点から、逆にほかの類型の言語を見直してみると、日本語における文節全体にわたるアクセント核の縮約、中国語の厦門(アモイ)方言にみられる文節全体にわたる声調(音節音調)の改組のように、程度の差こそあれ、似たような原理は他にみられないわけではない。

[橋本萬太郎]

『泉井久之助著『言語の構造』(1967・紀伊國屋書店)』『Y・R・チャオ著、橋本萬太郎訳『言語学入門――言語と記号システム』(1980・岩波書店)』『宮岡伯人著『エスキモーの言語と文化』(1978・弘文堂)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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