Cardinals are the second highest ranking clergyman in the Catholic Church after the Pope. Its origin is unclear. They are the papal advisors and electors, and are appointed by the Pope at his own will. Some cardinals share and assist the Pope in his responsibilities for the entire Catholic Church as heads of various departments and offices of the Holy See. Cardinals' powers include (1) electing the pope in the Sistine Chapel when the pope dies, (2) having seats and voting power in the Ecumenical Council, (3) responding to the Pope's consultations and overseeing beatification and canonization, (4) having episcopal powers and receiving international princely treatment, and so on. They form the sacred college (Congregation of Cardinals). The number of cardinals was 70 since 1586, but in 1962 this limit was lifted and the number was increased to 90, and has been increasing since then. However, the right to vote for the Pope is limited to cardinals under the age of 80. The cardinals are made up of cardinals who reside in the Roman Curia and have dioceses in foreign countries, and hold three ranks: cardinal deacon, cardinal priest, and cardinal bishop. In Japan, Tatsuo Doi was the first Archbishop of Tokyo to be elected in 1960. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
枢機卿と訳す。カトリック教会における,ローマ教皇に次ぐ高位の聖職者。その起源についてはつまびらかでない。教皇最高顧問,教皇選挙権者で,教皇の自由意志により任命される。教皇庁の諸省,諸官庁の長として,カトリック教会全体に対する教皇の責務を分担,補佐する枢機卿もいる。枢機卿の権能は,(1) 教皇死去の際,システィナ礼拝堂で教皇選挙を行う,(2) 公会議における議席,決議権をもつ,(3) 教皇の諮問に応じ,列福,列聖などを司る,(4) 司教権をもち,国際的には諸侯待遇を受ける,などで,セイクリッド・カレッジ sacred college (枢機卿会) を構成する。その定員は,1586年以来 70名であったが,1962年この制限が撤廃され 90名に増員され,その後も増員されている。ただし教皇選挙権はこのうち満 80歳以下の枢機卿に制限されている。構成内容はカーディナル・ディーコン cardinal deacon (助祭枢機卿) ,カーディナル・プリースト cardinal priest (司祭枢機卿) ,カーディナル・ビショップ cardinal bishop (司教枢機卿) という3段階の位階称号をもつローマ教皇庁在住のカーディナルと諸外国に司教区をもつカーディナルから成る。日本では 60年に土井辰雄東京大司教が初めて選任された。
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