Gametophyte

Japanese: 配偶体 - はいぐうたい
Gametophyte

The mother organism that produces gametes is called a gametophyte, and in organisms that have an alternation of generations, the organisms in the sexual generation are called gametophytes. The organisms that produce sperm and male spores are called male gametophytes, the organisms that produce eggs and female spores are called female gametophytes, and the organisms that produce sperm and male spores and eggs and female spores simultaneously are called hermaphrodite gametophytes. However, in organisms that do not have an alternation of generations, the organism itself is the gametophyte, or the gametophyte exists parasitically.

In lower plants below ferns, alternation of generations occurs and the presence of gametophytes is clear. In the green algae Ulva, the gametophyte and sporophyte are the same shape and size, but the gametophyte in brown algae is smaller than the sporophyte. In the green algae Myrtle and the brown algae Sargassum, alternation of generations does not occur, the body has a diploid nucleus (2n), and the body itself is the gametophyte. In mosses, the commonly seen moss body is the gametophyte, and after fertilization, the sporophyte is formed on the gametophyte. In ferns, the prothallus is the gametophyte. In seed plants, the pollen tube corresponds to the male gametophyte and the embryo sac corresponds to the female gametophyte.

In the coelenterate aurelia, the sexually reproducing body is the gametophyte. In general, the gametophyte nucleus in animals is diploid, while in plants it is often haploid (n). Fungi are usually haploid organisms, with a very short period of diploidy at the end of vegetative growth. With recent advances in cultivation techniques, various reproduction methods and life cycles of fungi have become known, but due to environmental conditions and fungal mutability, the life cycle does not always follow an orderly path, and many haploid bodies grow asexually. Therefore, the word gametophyte is not usually used for fungi, even when they are haploid.

[Makoto Yoshizaki]

[Reference item] | Reproduction | Alternation of generations
Moss morphology
© Satoshi Shimazoe

Moss morphology


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

配偶子を生じる母体を配偶体といい、世代交代を行う生物では、有性世代の生物体が配偶体である。精子や雄性胞子を生じる体を雄性配偶体、卵(らん)や雌性胞子を生じる体を雌性配偶体、精子や雄性胞子と卵や雌性胞子とを同時に生じる体を両性配偶体という。しかし、世代交代を行わない生物では、体そのものが配偶体であるか、または配偶体が寄生的に存在することとなる。

 シダ植物以下の下等な植物では、世代交代を行い、配偶体の存在は明確である。緑藻植物のアオサでは配偶体と胞子体とが同形同大であるが、褐藻植物の配偶体は、胞子体に比べて小さい。また、緑藻植物のミルや褐藻植物のホンダワラ類は、世代交代を行わず、体の核相は複相(2n)で、体そのものが配偶体である。コケ植物では、通常みかけるコケの体が配偶体であり、受精後、配偶体の上に胞子体が形成される。シダ植物では前葉体が配偶体である。種子植物では、花粉管が雄性配偶体に、胚嚢(はいのう)が雌性配偶体に相当する。

 腔腸(こうちょう)動物のミズクラゲでは、有性生殖をする体が配偶体である。一般に動物では配偶体の核相は複相であり、植物では単相(n)である場合が多い。菌類は、普通、単相生物で、栄養増殖の末期にごく短い期間の複相がある。近年、培養技術の進歩により、菌類でもさまざまな生殖方法や生活環が知られるようになってきたが、環境条件や、菌の変異性などにより、かならずしも順序正しく生活環をたどるわけではなく、単相体でも無性的に増殖するものが多い。したがって、菌類では単相体でも配偶体ということばは使われないのが普通である。

[吉崎 誠]

[参照項目] | 生殖 | 世代交代
コケの形態
©島添 敏">

コケの形態


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