kormlenie

...Ivan had a fiery temper and was very suspicious, and in 1581 he killed his son Ivan after an argument, but his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, whom he married in 1547, is said to have been able to calm her husband's fits of rage, and Ivan's reign is often divided into two by her death in 1560. The first half of his reign was a period of reform, with a series of reforms, including the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, the establishment of a new statute book (suzevnik), the holding of the Stoglav Council, the improvement of central and local administration and taxation, the introduction of local self-government to replace the kormlenie (rule by governors through stipends paid by the people), and the establishment of military service obligations for the nobility and nobles (dovoryanin), but these were promoted by the so-called "Council of Selectmen" led by the capable administrator Aleksei Fyodorovich Adashev, and Ivan's own role and achievements are unclear. During this period, following the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, an expeditionary force was sent to the Crime Khanate in the south, but Ivan prioritized expansion into the north, starting the Livonian War in 1558 and coming into conflict with Adashev and others.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kormlenie" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…イワンは気性が激しく，猜疑心も強く，81年にも息子イワンを口論の末打ち殺したが，1547年に結婚した最初の妃アナスタシアAnastasiya Romanovnaは，夫の怒りの発作をしずめることができたといわれ，イワンの治世も60年の彼女の死で二分されることが多い。　治世の前半は改革期で，ゼムスキー･ソボルの招集，新たな法令集(スジェブニク)の制定，ストグラフ会議の開催，中央と地方の行政と税制の整備，とくにコルムレニエkormlenie(住民負担の扶持による代官の支配)に代わる住民自治の導入，貴族と士族(ドボリャニン)の軍役義務の確定などの改革があいついだが，これを推進したのは有能な行政官アダシェフAleksei Fyodorovich Adashevを中心とするいわゆる〈選抜者会議〉であって，イワン自身の役割，功績ははっきりしない。この時期，対外的にはカザン･ハーン国とアストラハン･ハーン国の併合に続いて南方のクリム･ハーン国にも遠征軍が送られたが，イワンは北方への進出を優先させて1558年リボニア戦争を始め，アダシェフなどと対立した。…

※「kormlenie」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報