An American planetary exploration program aimed at directly studying the atmosphere and surface of Mars, particularly biological, chemical, and environmental studies of the presence of life. Viking 1 was launched in August 1975, followed by Viking 2 in September, and they made a soft landing on the Martian surface, successfully collecting the first Martian regolith from the planet. The probes consisted of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiter carried the lander into Mars orbit and searched for a suitable landing site with an onboard television camera. After the lander landed, it served as a data relay satellite to send data from experiments conducted by the lander on Mars to Earth. Viking 1 landed on Chryse Planitia on July 20, 1976, and Viking 2 on Utopia Planitia on September 3. The Lander was equipped with instruments such as a gas chromatography system, a life detection system, a soil-digging robot arm, and an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and conducted chemical analysis of the atmosphere and soil, carbon assimilation experiments related to the search for life, label release experiments, gas exchange experiments, and mass spectrometry of organic matter, etc. As a result, experiments at these two sites alone did not find any conclusive evidence for the existence of life. [Hajime Koshiishi and Tsutomu Iwata] [Reference] | | |The Viking 1 and 2 landers were launched by the United States in 1975. They made a soft landing on Mars and conducted a number of experiments, including chemical analysis of the atmosphere and soil. The photo shows a replica ©NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona "> Mars probe "Viking" lander Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火星の大気とその表面を直接調べること、とくに生命の存在に関して、生物学的、化学的、および環境学的な調査を行うことを目的としたアメリカの惑星探査計画。1975年8月にバイキングViking1号機、9月に2号機が打ち上げられ、火星表面に軟着陸して人類初の火星表土採取に成功した。探査機はオービタ(軌道船)とランダー(着陸船)とからなり、オービタはランダーを火星周回軌道に運び、搭載したテレビカメラで適当な着陸地点を探し、ランダーが着陸したのちは、ランダーが火星上で行った実験データを地球へ送るデータ・リレー衛星の役目を果たした。1号機は1976年7月20日にクリュセ平原に、2号機は9月3日にユートピア平原に着陸した。ランダーはガスクロマトグラフィー装置、生命検出装置、土壌掘削用のロボット腕、蛍光X線スペクトロメーターなどの装置をもち、大気や土壌の化学分析、生命探査に関する炭素同化実験、ラベル放出実験、ガス交換実験、および有機物の質量分析実験などを行った。その結果、これら二地点での実験に限っていえば、生命の存在に関して確たる証拠はみつからなかった。 [輿石 肇・岩田 勉] [参照項目] | | |1975年にアメリカが打ち上げたバイキング1号および2号のランダー(着陸船)。火星に軟着陸し、大気や土壌の化学分析など、いくつもの実験を行った。写真はレプリカ©NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona"> 火星探査機「バイキング」の着陸船 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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