A field of sociology that deals with various problems that arise in rural society and in the lives of farmers. It was initially established in the United States in response to the need to clarify policies aimed at resolving rural problems that were gradually becoming evident against the backdrop of industrialization accompanying the development of capitalism, and the methods of promoting these policies. As active research into rural issues was conducted as a policy science with a strong practical character, around the time of World War I, progress was made in developing scientific research methods and theorizing research results on farm families and rural local communities, leading to the establishment of rural sociology as a field of sociology. Rural sociology subsequently began to be studied in various countries in Europe and Asia, and in Japan, empirical research had already been conducted in the 1930s, earlier than other fields of sociology. Although the influence of American rural sociology is generally seen in rural sociology in each country, the nature of agriculture and the problems facing rural areas differ greatly from region to region, and therefore each country's research involves different interests and research methods. To this day, American rural sociology has dealt with a very wide range of issues related to farming life, and is deeply connected to the spread of agricultural technology and its application to improving farming life. In the case of other countries, there is a common characteristic in that research is based on surveys of actual rural conditions and is aimed at application, but compared to the United States, the issues covered are more limited. [Hasumi Otohiko] Rural Sociology in JapanIn Japan, around 1935 (Showa 10), efforts were made to establish rural sociology with the aim of clarifying the characteristics of Japanese society by grasping the social structure of rural areas. The fact that it had little connection with improving the realities of rural life reflected the state of sociology and the position of social science at the time. Inspired by research into American rural sociology, Suzuki Eitaro aimed to systematize rural sociology by focusing on farm families and natural villages. Ariga Kizaemon also conducted empirical research into the family system and clan organizations unique to Japanese society in relation to the landlord system, in an attempt to discover the basic form of social cohesion in Japan. After the Second World War, while the family system was dismantled in rural areas through the revision of the Civil Code and the landlord system was dismantled through land reform, Fukutake Tadashi and others focused on elucidating the feudal remnants that still remained despite these institutional reforms. It was thought that the extent to which democratization of rural society could be achieved would determine the progress of democratization in Japanese society. Fukutake presented two types of village structure, the Tohoku-style clan ties and the Southwest-style kogumi ties, and attempted to explain the development of democratization in rural areas. He also expanded the scope of rural sociology to include various issues in rural society, such as administrative village politics, peasant life, and peasant consciousness. As the economy grew and agriculture and rural areas underwent corresponding rapid transformations, the research interests of rural sociology also changed. During the period when farmers were becoming more stratified and organized in the process, research was conducted on the disintegration of traditional villages in Japan and the formation of new groups, in contrast to the disintegration of village communities. Furthermore, as agricultural income stagnated, there was an outflow of the population to cities and the trend toward part-time work, and new rural issues such as the problem of successors, migrant labor, depopulation, and aging began to be identified one after another. As a result, there was a growing focus on viewing changes in rural areas in relation to urban development and the structure of capitalism, and the area of interest in rural sociology expanded significantly. [Hasumi Otohiko] "Rural Sociology" edited by Hasumi Otohiko (1973, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Collected Works of Suzuki Eitaro I & II: Principles of Japanese Rural Sociology" (1968, Miraisha)" ▽ "Collected Works of Ariga Kizaemon X: Kinzoku and Villages" (1971, Miraisha)" ▽ "Postwar Japanese Rural Survey" edited by Fukutake Nao (1977, University of Tokyo Press) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
農村社会や農民生活に生じるさまざまな問題を対象とする社会学の一分野。当初、資本主義の発展に伴う工業化を背景にしだいに顕在化するようになった農村問題に対して、その解決を目ざす政策とその推進の方法とを明らかにするという要請に基づいてアメリカで成立した。農村問題にかかわる実践的性格の強い政策科学として活発な研究が行われるうちに、第一次世界大戦前後から、農民家族や農村の地域社会などについての科学的な研究方法の整備と研究成果の理論化が進むようになり、社会学の一分野として確立するに至った。その後、農村社会学はヨーロッパやアジアの諸国などでそれぞれに研究されるようになり、日本でも社会学の諸分野のなかでは早く、すでに昭和10年代から実証的な調査研究が行われてきた。 各国の農村社会学には一般にアメリカ農村社会学の影響がみられるものの、農業のあり方や農村の抱える問題が、それぞれの地域において多分に相違するだけに、おのおの異なった関心や研究方法を含んで研究されている。アメリカの農村社会学は、今日まで農民生活にかかわるきわめて広い領域の問題を取り上げ、農業技術の普及や農民生活の改良に向けての応用と深く結び付いている。ほかの諸国の場合も、現実の農村の実態調査に依拠して応用を目ざした研究を行う点では共通した性格がみられるものの、アメリカの場合に比べて対象とされる問題は限定されている。 [蓮見音彦] 日本の農村社会学日本の場合には、1935年(昭和10)前後に、農村の社会構造をとらえることを通じて日本社会の特質を明らかにしようとする視点から、農村社会学の確立が図られた。農村の現実の改良との結び付きが希薄であったことは、当時の社会学のあり方、社会科学の位置づけを反映したものであった。鈴木栄太郎は、アメリカ農村社会学の研究に触発されて、農家家族と自然村を中心に据えて農村社会学の体系化を目ざした。また、有賀喜左衞門(あるがきざえもん)は、地主制との関連の下に、家族制度や日本社会固有の同族組織の実証的研究を行い、そこに日本の社会結合の基本形態をみいだそうとした。 第二次世界大戦後、農村では、民法の改正による家制度の解体や農地改革による地主制の解体などが進むなかで、福武直(ふくたけただし)を中心にこれらの制度的改革にもかかわらずなお残存する封建遺制の解明に焦点があてられた。農村社会の民主化がどこまで達成しうるかが、日本社会の民主化の進展を規定するものと考えられた。福武は東北型の同族結合と西南型の講組(こうぐみ)結合という村落構造の二つの類型を示し、農村の民主化の展開を説明しようとするとともに、行政村の政治や農民生活、農民意識など農村社会の多様な問題に農村社会学の対象を拡大した。 経済成長が進み、農業・農村がそれに対応した激しい変貌(へんぼう)を示すのに伴って、農村社会学もその研究関心を変化させた。農民の階層分化とその過程での農民の組織化が進む時期には、村落共同体の解体過程と対比しつつ、日本における伝統的な村落の解体過程や新しい集団の形成についての研究が行われた。さらに、農業所得が伸び悩むなかで都市への人口流出や兼業化が進み、新しい農村問題として後継者問題、出稼ぎ、過疎、高齢化問題などが次々に問題とされるようになった。この結果、農村の変動を都市の発展や資本主義の構造との関連でとらえる視角が強まり、農村社会学の関心領域も大きく拡大されるに至った。 [蓮見音彦] 『蓮見音彦編『農村社会学』(1973・東京大学出版会)』▽『『鈴木栄太郎著作集Ⅰ・Ⅱ 日本農村社会学原理』(1968・未来社)』▽『『有賀喜左衞門著作集Ⅹ 同族と村落』(1971・未来社)』▽『福武直編『戦後日本の農村調査』(1977・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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