Agricultural economics

Japanese: 農業経済学 - のうぎょうけいざいがく(英語表記)agricultural economics
Agricultural economics

It is difficult to define in a clear way what kind of academic field agricultural economics is. It is also not clear how agricultural economics should be distinguished from academic fields such as agricultural policy and agricultural management, and the content differs depending on who is using it. However, everyone would agree that agricultural economics is "a branch of economics that uses economics to analyze the economic phenomena of agriculture."

One of the main issues in agricultural economics is the elucidation of the low level and instability of agricultural income, but when investigating this issue, there is a danger of losing sight of the essence of the problem if the focus is solely on the agricultural production sector. Many of these issues arise from the relationship between agriculture and other industrial sectors, and for this reason, the subject of research and education is not only the agricultural production sector, but also the agricultural product processing and distribution sector, agricultural finance, the supply of agricultural materials such as agricultural equipment and fertilizers, agricultural product trade, the economic development of developing countries, and various fields related to agriculture in other countries, such as world food and population.

Among the many research fields in agricultural economics, agribusiness is a relatively new and has been the most active in recent years. It is empirically clear that as the national economy develops, the relative position of agriculture will continue to decline, but at the same time, the interdependence of agriculture with other industrial sectors will become deeper. The integration of the three sectors of industry that are directly related to agriculture - the agricultural input supply sector, the agricultural product processing and distribution sector, and the agricultural production sector - is called "agribusiness."

It is important to study how to improve the productivity of agribusiness, and in particular to promote the restructuring of agribusiness so that it is in line with the growth of the national economy. If restructuring does not go well, various agricultural problems will arise, such as an oversupply of agricultural products, unstable prices, small-scale farming, and low agricultural income. A central issue in agricultural economics is to carry out this restructuring well and encourage low-income farmers to leave farming or take up part-time work by absorbing excess labor into agribusiness as well as other industrial sectors, to expand the scale of full-time farming, and to supply agricultural products in line with demand, thereby increasing and stabilizing agricultural income.

[Keizo Tsuchiya]

Keizo Tsuchiya, "Agricultural Economics" Revised Edition (1981, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) Yujiro Hayami, "Agricultural Economics" (1986, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Agribusiness

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

農業経済学とはどういう学問かを一義的に規定することはむずかしい。また、農業経済学を農政学や農業経営学といわれる学問とどのように区別するかはあまり明らかではなく、用いる人によっても内容が異なってくる。しかし、農業経済学とは「経済学を用いて、農業の経済現象を分析する経済学の一分野である」ことはだれしも異存がないであろう。

 農業経済学の主要課題の一つは農業所得の低位性や不安定性の解明であるが、この課題の究明も、農業生産部門のみを問題にしては、問題の本質を見失うおそれがある。それは、農業と他産業部門との関連から生ずるものが多く、そのため農業生産部門のみならず、農産物の加工・流通部門、農業金融、農機具や肥料などの農業資材供給部門、農産物貿易、発展途上国の経済発展、世界の食糧と人口などの外国農業に関連する諸分野までが、研究教育の対象となるのである。

 農業経済学の数ある研究分野のうち、比較的新しく、また最近もっとも活発なのは、アグリビジネスの研究である。国民経済の発展とともに、農業の相対的地位はますます縮小していくことは経験的に明らかであるが、同時に、農業と他の産業部門との相互依存関係はますます深くなっていく。諸産業のうち農業と直接に関連を有する農業資材供給部門、農産物の加工・流通部門、農業生産部門の三部門の統合体が「アグリビジネス」とよばれる。

 アグリビジネスの生産性向上を研究し、とくに国民経済の成長に見合うように、アグリビジネスの構造再編を進めることはたいせつである。構造再編がうまくいかないと、農産物の供給過剰、価格の不安定、零細な経営規模、低い農業所得などのもろもろの農業問題が生じてくる。この再編をうまく行い、アグリビジネスはもちろん他の産業部門にも過剰な労働力を吸収させることによって低所得農家の離農や兼業化を促進し、専業農家の規模を拡大し、また需要に見合った農産物の供給を行い、農業所得を高め、安定させることは、農業経済学の中心課題である。

[土屋圭造]

『土屋圭造著『農業経済学』改訂版(1981・東洋経済新報社)』『速水佑次郎著『農業経済論』(1986・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | アグリビジネス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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